Solar photolysis kinetics of disinfection byproducts

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) discharged from wastewater treatment plants may impair aquatic ecosystems and downstream drinking-water quality. Sunlight photolysis, as one process by which DBPs may dissipate in the receiving surface water, was investigated. Outdoor natural sunlight experiments were conducted in water for a series of carbonaceous DBPs (trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, halopropanones, and haloacetaldehydes) and nitrogenous DBPs (nitrosamines, halonitromethanes, and haloacetonitriles). Their pseudo-first-order rate constants for photolytic degradation were then used to calibrate quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) parameters, which, in return, predicted the photolysis potentials of other DBPs or related compounds. Nitrogenous DBPs were found to be more susceptible to solar irradiation than carbonaceous DBPs, with general rankings for the functional groups as follows: N-nitroso (N-NO) > nitro (NO₂) > nitrile (CN) > carbonyl (CO) > carboxyl (COOH). Compounds containing a high degree of halogenation (e.g., three halogens) were usually less stable than less halogenated species (e.g., those with two halogens). Bromine- or iodine-substituted species were more photosensitive than chlorinated analogs. While most bromine- and chlorine-containing trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids persisted over the 6-h test, nearly complete removal (>99%) of nitrosamines occurred within 1 h of sunlight exposure. Indoor laboratory experiments using simulated sunlight demonstrated that the degradation of nitrosamines was ∼50% slower when organic matter was present, and ∼11% slower in non-filtered water than in filtered water.     

Formation of hazardous inorganic by-products during electrolysis of seawater as a disinfection process for desalination

From our previous study, an electrochemical process was determined to be a promising tool for disinfection in a seawater desalination system, but an investigation on the production of several hazardous by-products is still required. In this study, a more intensive exploration of the formation patterns of perchlorate and bromate during the electrolysis of seawater was conducted. In addition, the rejection efficiencies of the targeted by-products by membrane processes (microfiltration and seawater reverse osmosis) were investigated to uncover the concentrations remaining in the final product from a membrane-based seawater desalination system for the production of drinking water. On the electrolysis of seawater, perchlorate did not provoke any problem due to the low concentrations formed, but bromate was produced at a much higher level, resulting in critical limitation in the application of the electrochemical process to the desalination of seawater. Even though the formed bromate was rejected via microfiltration and reverse osmosis during the 1st and 2nd passes, the residual concentration was a few orders of magnitude higher than the USEPA regulation. Consequently, it was concluded that the application of the electrochemical process to seawater desalination cannot be recommended without the control of bromate.     

煤灰酸浸渣碳分法制备纳米白炭黑性能研究

为实现煤灰渣资源化高效利用,本文以煤灰酸浸提铝后的高硅残渣经焙烧制得的Na₂SiO₃溶液为原料,采用碳分法制取高附加值的纳米白炭黑。通过单因素法,采用比表面积测试法（BET）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）吸油值测定、透射电镜（TEM）、红外光谱分析（FTIR）、X衍射分析（XRD）等分析表征手段,研究不同的实验条件对制得的纳米白炭黑性能的影响,得到碳分法制取纳米白炭黑的最佳实验工况。实验表明,当硅酸钠溶液中SiO₂质量分数为2%、CO₂通气速率为0.5/min、溶液反应温度为65~75℃、反应终点pH为8时,通过陈化、过滤、洗涤、共沸蒸馏、烘干后,可得到粒径为20~40nm、DBP吸油值为3.10mL/g、比表面积为250m²/g、质量分数91.88%的性能最优纳米白炭黑。     

Ceramic and polymeric solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are important for energy storage in a wide variety of applications including consumer electronics, transportation and large-scale energy production. The performance of lithium-ion batteries depends on the materials used. One critical component is the electrolyte, which is the focus of this paper. In particular, inorganic ceramic and organic polymer solid-electrolyte materials are reviewed. Solid electrolytes provide advantages in terms of simplicity of design and operational safety, but typically have conductivities that are lower than those of organic liquid electrolytes. This paper provides a comparison of the conductivities of solid-electrolyte materials being used or developed for use in lithium-ion batteries.     

GC-MS/MS法测定白酒中3种塑化剂含量的不确定度评定

对采用GC-MS/MS法测定白酒中DIBP、DBP和DEHP含量的不确定度进行评定。依据JJF 1135—2005《化学分析测量不确定度评定》和JJF 1059.1—2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》中的有关规定,建立测定白酒中3种塑化剂含量的不确定度数学模型,分析测量不确定度的来源,计算各不确定度分量并进行合成。结果表明,DIBP、DBP和DEHP的扩展不确定度分别为0.060,0.062,0.17mg/kg;不确定度主要来源于标准溶液的配制、测量重复性和标准曲线的拟合。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的毒性作用及机制

针对环境污染日益严重的现状,探讨了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的肝脏与生殖毒性作用.检测了血浆和肝脏中的关键酶、精子活动力与畸形率,观察了肝脏和睾丸的病理改变.结果表明,DBP可以显著升高谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和丙二醛(MDA),显著降低超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT),表明DBP会诱发小鼠肝脏发生脂质过氧化过程,引起早期的肝脏损伤.DBP能够穿透血-睾屏障,干扰精子的生长和发育过程.因此,DBP是一种对雄性生殖细胞具有潜在诱变危害的遗传毒性化合物.     

GO/CoFe2O4催化过硫酸盐降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯效能

为高效地去除水中环境激素类污染物,采用共沉淀法合成了氧化石墨烯负载钴尖晶石铁氧体(GO/CoFe_2O_4)催化剂,催化过硫酸盐(PMS)去除水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP).采用SEM、TEM、XPS、XRD对催化剂进行表征,研究不同条件下催化PMS去除水中DBP的效果,提出催化PMS反应机理.结果表明,GO/CoFe_2O_4为颗粒状尖晶石结构,室温下,DBP初始浓度为2μmol/L、催化剂投量为0.1 g/L、PMS浓度为20μmol/L、pH为7时,GO/CoFe_2O_4催化PMS体系对DBP的去除率可达89%,使用5次后催化效果仅降低5%.该新型复合催化剂高效、具有磁性、方便回收,具有良好的工程应用前景.     

Toxicity of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on the anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge

Previous studies on the microbial degradation of individual phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have demonstrated that the compounds with short ester hydrocarbon chains are easily biodegraded and mineralized, but PAEs with long ester chains are less susceptible to degradation and some of them are considered recalcitrant. Moreover, they inhibit methanogenesis. However, studies have not been made on the effect of feeding a combination of recalcitrant and biodegradable PAEs into anaerobic digesters treating wastewater sludge. The present study was conducted with wastewater sludge from the Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation's Hyperion Treatment Plant. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), the most common persistent PAE found in wastewater, and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), a common PAE with short ester chains, were sorbed into the sludge fed to a bench-scale digester for a period of 12 weeks. DEHP degradation was always poor, and accumulation of DEHP was correlated with inhibition of the microbial degradation of DBP and with process instability of the test digester. Inhibition of the DBP removal was completely reversed after DEHP addition was discontinued, but biogas production never recovered to the level observed in a control digester. Other process parameters of digester performance were not affected by DEHP accumulation. These results are similar to the toxic effects of long chain fatty acids on sludge digestion, suggesting that DEHP or its degradation products affect all the microbial populations in the anaerobic bioreactor. Our results imply that high levels of DEHP or other recalcitrant PAEs in wastewater sludge are likely to compromise methanogenesis and removal of biodegradable PAEs in sludge digesters.     

Controlled growth of dibenzotetraphenylperiflanthene thin films by varying substrate temperature for photovoltaic applications

We investigate the growth of a novel organic photovoltaic material, dibenzotetraphenylperiflanthene (DBP) thin film by ultra-high-vacuum evaporation. It is shown that the surface morphology and crystalline order of DBP thin films are greatly changed by growth temperature. Especially, at 90 °C, the DBP exhibits a unique orientated growth with long well-directional grain structures. The power conversion efficiency of the device using DBP grown at 90 °C is enhanced by a factor of 61% relative to that of the device using DBP grown at room temperature due to the improvements in photocurrent, open-circuit voltage and fill factor. The results indicate the feasibility of the controlled growth of DBP thin films, which plays a crucial role in improving the performances of photovoltaic devices.     

Precipitation Formation of Zirconium-Dibutyl Phosphate Complex in Purex Process

Dibutyl phosphate (DBP) was added to 30% TBP-70% dodecane solvent (DBP concentration, 30–1,150mg/l). These samples were used to investigate distribution behavior of Zr from a 3 M nitric acid solution (Zr concentration, 60–4,000 mg/l). The experimental results show that the Zr distribution depended mainly on the total DBP/Zr mole ratio. Below DBP/Zr=2, the Zr distribution to the organic phase became larger as the DBP/Zr mole ratio increased. Above DBP/Zr=2, the Zr distribution factor was saturated. Moreover, colloidal precipitation at the interface between organic and aqueous phases was observed above DBP/Zr=2.

Then in order to characterize the precipitation, 3 M nitric acid solution containing Zr ion was directly reacted with DBP and the obtained products were analyzed by ¹³C, ³¹P and ¹⁴N NMR spectroscopy. The measured NMR spectra indicated that the products were polymers having four kinds of bonding structures. One was a hydrogen bonded structure and the others were Zr bridged structures with two to four DBP molecules coordinated per Zr atom. The Zr bridged structure with four DBP molecules was thought to make the biggest contribution to precipitate formation.