Synthesis and characterization of high-density non-spherical Ni(OH)2 cathode material for Ni–MH batteries

Positive electrode active materials of non-spherical nickel hydroxide powders with a high tap-density for alkaline Ni–MH batteries have been successfully synthesized using a polyacrylamide (PAM) assisted two-step drying method. The tap-density of the powders reaches 2.32 g cm⁻³, which is significantly higher than that of nickel hydroxide powders obtained by the conventional co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) testing, laser particle size analysis, tap-density testing, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and a charge–discharge test were used to characterize the physical and electrochemical properties of the synthesized material. The results show that the as-prepared nickel hydroxide materials have an irregular tabular shape, a high density of structural disorder, and a high specific surface area. The charge–discharge tests indicate that nickel hydroxide powders synthesized by the new method have better electrochemical performance than those obtained by the conventional co-precipitation method. This performance improvement could be attributable to a more compact electrode microstructure, a lower amount of intercalated anions, better reaction reversibility, a higher proton diffusion coefficient, and lower electrochemical impedance, as indicated by TG-DTA, CV, and EIS. The results clearly show that better electrochemical activity can be achieved using nickel hydroxide that has a higher tap-density. Moreover, the new synthesis process is simple, cost-effective, and facile for large-scale production.     

Electrochemical properties and hydrogen storage mechanism of perovskite-type oxide LaFeO3 as a negative electrode for Ni/MH batteries

Perovskite-type oxide LaFeO₃ powder was prepared using a stearic acid combustion method. Its phase structure, electrochemical properties and hydrogen storage mechanism as negative electrodes for nickel/metal hydride (Ni/MH) batteries have been investigated systematically. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis show that both the calcined powder and the charged/discharged samples after 10 cycles have orthorhombic structures. The discharge capacity, whose maximum value appeared at the first cycle, is 530.3 mA h g⁻¹ at 333 K and increases with an increase in temperature. The discharge capacity decreases distinctly during the first three cycles and then stays steady at about 80 mA h g⁻¹, 160 mA h g⁻¹ and 350 mA h g⁻¹ at 298 K, 313 K and 333 K, respectively. The hydrogen storage mechanism is studied by XRD, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and mass spectrometry (MS), coupled with pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) methods. Hydrogen atoms may be intercalating into the oxide lattice and forming a homogeneous solid solution during the charging process.     

氟利昂体系汽液平衡二元相互作用参数的普遍化关联

用ＭＨ（８１）方程关联了十一个氟利昂体系的等温汽液平衡数据，得出其二元相互作用参数，关联结果同实验符合良好。根据分子热力学的基本原理，加上一些经验的关联，提出了一个四常数的关联式来关联氟利昂混合物的ＭＨ（８１）方程二元相互作用参数，利用关联结果推算了ＤＭＥ／Ｒ１５２ａ体系在２８３．３１Ｋ、２９３．８４Ｋ、Ｒ２３／Ｒ２２在２５８．１５Ｋ和Ｒ３２、Ｒ１５２ａ在２７３．１５Ｋ的等温汽液平衡，与实验数据进行对照吻合良好，表明此式有相当程度的预测性，在氟利昂替代物的预选和工程计算中有重要的实际应用价值。     

磁性MH/Fe_3O_4/SR复合材料的耐热机理及摩擦性能

以SR、纳米Fe3O4和纳米MH为主要原料制备MH/Fe3O4/SR磁性橡胶复合材料。研究纳米Fe3O4和纳米MH不同配比时,复合材料的物理力学性能变化、耐热以及摩擦性能变化。结果表明:纳米粒子在SR基体中分布较为均匀,不同配比的Fe3O4/MH能够有效改善硅橡胶的物理力学性能。当配比20phrMH/10phrFe3O4时,复合材料的拉伸强度、伸长率有所改善,性能较普通硅橡胶提高了5%左右。随着纳米MH与Fe3O4填料填充量不断加大,复合材料耐热性能不断提高,摩擦因数有效降低。当纳米添加量为30phrMH/10phrFe3O4时,复合材料的分解温度提高为450℃,当纳米添加量为20phrMH/20phrFe3O4时,复合材料的摩擦因数降为0.52。     

MH/Ni电池用接枝聚丙烯隔膜的性能研究

研究了采用接枝聚丙烯纤维湿法造纸工艺制成的MH/Ni电池隔膜的性能,及它对装配电池的电化学性能的影响。结果表明:研制的隔膜性能较好,所装配的4/3 A电池与德国进口隔膜装配的相比,0.2C放电容量增加了3.3%,荷电保持率提高了2.1%,但1.0C放电容量减少了4.7%,内阻增加了3 mΩ。     

MH/Ni电池的长期储存性能

将MH/Ni电池在室温下以不同的荷电态(SOC)进行长期储存,对储存前后的电池性能进行测试。长期储存后,电池的内阻变化较大,储存24个月后的平均内阻增加43.46%,平均容量恢复率为90.33%。长期储存对MH/Ni电池的容量、放电平台及循环寿命都会产生不利的影响。     

混合动力汽车用MH/Ni蓄电池充放电特性研究

研究并分析了120QNFT6-3方形密封MH/Ni电池在常温下不同倍率的充放电性能,并给出了充放电电压特性曲线;提出了单一恒流充电法、恒流-恒压两阶段充电法和分段恒流充电法,通过比较验证,实验结果表明:MH/Ni电池在常温下具有良好的大电流充放电能力,利用三段恒流充电法可提高充电效率。     

修正RC模型混合动力车用氢镍蓄电池SOC预测

根据混合动力汽车动力蓄电池瞬时脉冲大电流充放电工作特点,提出了一种能够实时动态估计氢镍蓄电池SOC的新方法。结合蓄电池当前状态和历史使用因素共同确定蓄电池初始SOC,并利用修正的RC模型,通过合理分配权值综合运用电量累计法和开路电压法进行蓄电池的SOC预测,电量累计考虑充放电效率和寿命因素影响,开路电压利用卡尔曼滤波法求解。最后,通过台驾试验验证算法的准确性,结果表明,SOC预测误差可控制在6%以内,满足混合动力汽车工作要求。     

MH/Ni动力电池的分选及性能

研究了燃料电池城市客车用MH/Ni动力电池的分选组合方法及充放电性能.分别采用LBC-80方形动力电池检测分析系统和电动车用动力电池仿真测试系统对100Ah MH/Ni动力电池进行分选,选出320只单体电池,并进行了12V模块的组合.结果表明:分选组合而成的12 V模块在比能量高于55 Wh/kg的前提下,具有3C(300A)持续放电大于3min的能力.根据384 V/100Ah电池组不同DOD条件下脉冲功率容量测试计算得知,该电池组可以充分满足燃料电池城市客车使用要求.     

Ni(OH)2表面包覆对MH/Ni电池性能的影响

用钴、钇、钙共沉积表面包覆处理的球形Ni(OH)2与未处理的球形Ni(OH)2制成两种10 Ah电池,对常温充放电、高温充电和低温放电进行测试.结果表明:球形Ni(OH)2经钴、钇、钙共沉积表面包覆处理,可提高电池的高温充电性能.