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41.
Review on testers for measuring flow properties of bulk solids 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Jörg Schwedes 《Granular Matter》2003,5(1):1-43
The author was asked by the International Fine Particle Research Institue (IFPRI) to write a critical review on shear testers
for IFPRI-members. The review was delivered to IFPRI in summer 1999. Following the contract with IFPRI it was not allowed
to publish the review elsewhere for at least two years. Granular Matter invited the author to submit the review in the original
form; during the refereeing process (besides other changes) it turned out that some remarks should be added here for clarification:
- Since 1999, the author is not aware of a really new device for testing bulk solid properties, which could lead to a change
of the general comments and conclusions provided in the review.
It was argued, that the review is referring too much to the work of Jenike, while the works of Johanson and Peschl were not
adequately cited. Both are excellent engineers with a lot of experience, but their basic ideas are not available in published
form, and if, they are not set in relation to alternative approaches so that an objective comparison in detail would be a
future research issue rather than a topic in this report.
A discussion on the influence of electrostatic charges was missing. There hardly is an influence, since the particles are
in continuous contact. Only with non-conducting plastic particles electrostatic charges could cause problems. But no relevant
experiments and results are known. In closed systems, the effect of electric charges is thus mainly neglected, but it is clear
that electrostatic forces are eminent in flows with a free surface – an issue not addressed in this review.
Received: 1 November 2002 相似文献
42.
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44.
K. Y. Sze W. K. Chan T. H. H. Pian 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2002,55(7):853-878
This paper presents eight‐node solid‐shell elements for geometric non‐linear analysis of elastic shells. To subdue shear, trapezoidal and thickness locking, the assumed natural strain method and an ad hoc modified generalized laminate stiffness matrix are employed. A selectively reduced integrated element is formulated with its membrane and bending shear strain components taken to be constant and equal to the ones evaluated at the element centroid. With the generalized stresses arising from the modified generalized laminate stiffness matrix assumed to be independent from the ones obtained from the displacement, an extended Hellinger–Reissner functional can be derived. By choosing the assumed generalized stresses similar to the assumed stresses of a previous solid element, a hybrid‐stress solid‐shell element is formulated. Commonly employed geometric non‐linear homogeneous and laminated shell problems are attempted and our results are close to those of other state‐of‐the‐art elements. Moreover, the hybrid‐stress element converges more readily than the selectively reduced integrated element in all benchmark problems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
45.
高温润滑涂层设计的系统考虑 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
航天、航空、核能等尖端技术迫切要求使用耐高温润滑涂层,以保护金属构件的表面,增加发动机、推进器的工作效率和输出功率,80年代国际摩擦学界根据工业和国防的需要将高温润滑涂层和耐磨材料定为摩擦学学科发展的重要研究方向之一。本文对高温润滑涂层设计中遇到的典型环境、涉及到的关键问题、未来发展的途径等问题作了阐述。 相似文献
46.
以废钡渣为原料制取氯化钡的研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
本文研究了以直接耐晒黑G染料生产中的废钡渣为原料制取氯化钡的方法,氯化钡的得率达到废钡渣量的70.99%,产品质量达到一级品的标准。 相似文献
47.
48.
对KCl与NaCl在低盐固态酱油发酵中的应用进行了比较研究。结果表明:用KCl代替NaCl,KCl的浓度要高于NaCl才能抑制发酵期间杂茵的污染,且使用KCl的发酵效果比NaCl要好。 相似文献
49.
Mamata Mukhopadhyay Sameer V Dalvi 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2005,80(4):445-454
A supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process is employed for production of solid nanoparticles from atomized droplets of dilute solution in a flowing supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) stream by attaining extremely high, very rapid, and uniform supersaturation. This is facilitated by a two‐way mass transfer of CO2 and solvent, to and from the droplet respectively, rendering rapid reduction in equilibrium solubility of the solid solute in the ternary solution. The present work analyses the degree of supersaturation and nucleation kinetics in a single droplet of cholesterol solution in acetone during its flight in a flowing SC CO2 stream. Both temperature and composition are assumed to be uniform within the droplet, and their variations with time are calculated by balancing the heat and mass transfer fluxes to and from the droplet. The equilibrium solubility of cholesterol with CO2 dissolution has been predicted as being directly proportional to the Partial Molar Volume Fraction (PMVF) of acetone in the binary (CO2–acetone) system. The degree of supersaturation has been simulated up to the time required to attain almost zero cholesterol solubility in the droplet for evaluating the rate of nucleation and the size of the stable critical nuclei formed. The effects of process parameters have been analysed in the pressure range of 7.1–35.0 MPa, temperature range of 313–333 K, SC CO2 flow rate of 0.1136–1.136 mol s?1, the ratio of the volumetric flow rates of CO2‐to‐solution in the range of 100–1000, and the initial mole fraction of cholesterol in acetone solution in the range of 0.0025–0.010. The results confirm an extremely high and rapid increase in degree of supersaturation, very high nucleation rates and stable critical nucleus diameter of the order of a nanometre. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
50.
通过CO2气体保护焊和混合气体保护焊(MAG)工艺性能的对比,强调MAG焊在减少熔滴过渡过程中的飞溅、改善焊缝成型、提高焊缝金属冲击韧性方面优于CO2焊接工艺.列举了MAG焊在重要构件如管线钢管等焊接方面的应用实例,提出:对薄板及要求不高的构件可采用纯CO2焊;对中、厚板及对焊缝质量要求(如韧性、外观等)较高的重要构件,推荐采用纯CO2气体 药芯焊丝或富氩(Ar CO2)混合气体 实芯焊丝两种工艺;有条件的情况下应积极使用脉冲MAG电源,以进一步提高焊速,改善过渡.同时重点介绍了日本近年关于焊丝开发(无镀铜实芯焊丝、焊后去应力回火钢材用无再热裂纹全位置药芯焊丝、低相变温度焊丝)与应用方面的研究成果. 相似文献