Ionic liquids for coal dissolution,extraction and liquefaction

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. Direct combustion of low- and medium-rank coals causes alarming environmental impacts. Therefore, it is crucial for coal to undergo pretreatments before its efficient utilization [such as coal to liquid (CTL) processes]. Conventional pretreatment methods suffer from several limitations including the use of volatile organic solvents, environmental hazards, strong reaction conditions (e.g. high temperature and pressure), consumption of large quantities of nonrecoverable chemicals (e.g. bases used in aqueous alkaline digestion), or being only effective for specific coals. On the other hand, coal pretreatment by nonvolatile ionic liquids (ILs) could lead to partial coal dissolution/swelling and structure disruption, which is a critical step before coal liquefaction, hydrogenation, pyrolysis or the inhibition of oxidation/combustion. In addition, ILs are suitable solvents for extracting sulfur compounds from coal, asphaltenes from Direct Coal Liquefaction Residues (DCLR) and phenolic compounds from coal tar. This review will discuss these aspects of coal pretreatments by ILs, and identify how ILs could lead to a cleaner and more efficient utilization of coal resources. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于电润湿效应的自变焦补偿光学系统

变焦光学系统是照相机、摄像机等许多光学器件中的关键元件，实现变焦光学系统的微小型化及增大系统的变倍比是一个长期目标。研制了一种三液体自变焦补偿透镜，可在外加电压作用下实现自变焦补偿功能，因此该透镜元件本身可以作为一个简单的变焦光学系统。通过高斯光学理论分析及Zemax模拟仿真验证了该系统的自变焦补偿功能。结果表明，该系统焦距变化范围为378～424 mm，变倍比为1.217，达到了预期目标，对变焦光学系统的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

离子液体在纳米材料合成中的应用

室温离子液体（ionic liquids, ILs）作为一种新型的绿色环保溶剂，由于其特殊的功能化结构及热稳定性好、挥发度低和溶解能力强等特点，目前被广泛应用于纳米材料的制备领域。本文重点介绍了离子液体在纳米材料制备中的应用及相关研究的最新进展，结合一些示例对本领域进行了概述，其中包括离子液体作为溶剂，例如作为反应介质和稳定剂；模板剂，例如利用离子液体的微结构（胶束和囊泡、液晶凝胶、乳液和微乳液）作为纳米材料合成中的模板和软模板；反应物，例如作为反应中的还原剂和反应组分；以及离子液体微乳液在纳米材料制备中的特殊用法进行了总结，并讨论了离子液体在快速发展的纳米材料制备领域中的存在挑战和机遇。     

Microbial Fuel Cell Application for Azoic Dye Decolorization with Simultaneous Bioenergy Production Using Stenotrophomonas sp.

A single‐chamber air‐cathode microbial fuel cell (MFC) was successfully applied for decolorization of the diazoic dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5) with simultaneous production of electricity. An innovative low‐cost medium, the marine water‐glucose‐yeast extract medium (MWGY), was developed which appears as a textile marine effluent in terms of salinity. The anode compartment containing a single bacterial strain of Stenotrophomonas sp. showed almost complete dye decolorization with different RB5 concentrations after seven days of treatment. For the four dye concentrations used, a correlation between dye removal and production of electrical energy was found. The comparison of the decolorization process in the MFC with that in a batch reactor as control experiment highlights the efficiency of the single‐chamber air‐cathode MFC technology which improved the dye removal by the same bacterial strain.     

板栗壳黄酮结构分析及其对胰脂肪酶活力的抑制作用

在分析板栗壳黄酮结构的基础上，研究其对胰脂肪酶的抑制作用及类型。采用醇提法提取板栗壳中的黄酮，并用AB-8大孔吸附树脂进行纯化，冻干后得到的黄酮含量为（107.50±1.00）mg/g，提取得率为（5.66±0.05）%。利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱质谱联用技术对板栗壳黄酮进行结构分析，鉴定出8 种黄酮类化合物。采用对硝基苯酚法测定胰脂肪酶活力，分别考察板栗壳黄酮对胰脂肪酶的抑制效果及不同反应条件下板栗壳黄酮对胰脂肪酶活性的影响，结果表明，板栗壳黄酮对胰脂肪酶有较好的抑制作用，半抑制浓度（half maximal inhibitory concentration，IC50）为0.074 mg/mL，且使胰脂肪酶最适pH值向碱性偏移。通过Lineweaver-Burk双倒数作图法确定其抑制类型为非竞争性抑制，抑制常数Ki＝53.19 mg/mL。由此可见，板栗壳黄酮是一种效果良好的胰脂肪酶抑制剂。     

基于LabVIEW的甲烷产气量自动测量系统设计

针对实验室现有的厌氧发酵装置产气测量存在费时费力、人眼读数误差较大、自动化程度低等问题,设计一种基于LabVIEW的甲烷产气量自动测量系统。提出采用排水法与称重计量法结合的测量方法,以实现产气量自动测量。称重传感器获取发酵甲烷产气排水后得到水的质量,经换算得到排水体积即甲烷产气体积。利用LabVIEW编写软件平台,采用NI USB-6251数据采集卡对发酵过程中的关键参数如甲烷产气量、温度和pH值进行实时采集、处理、显示及存储,同时控制夹管阀和蠕动泵实现自动补充排水液的功能。利用微量注射器对自动测量系统开展性能验证实验。试验结果表明:该装置的测量平均相对误差最大值为1.10%。该系统可以满足发酵实验对甲烷气体的测量需求,不仅能够提高自动化水平还可以提高测量准确性。