Erosion of glacial till from the St. Clair River (Great Lakes basin)

Variations in water level observed in Lakes Michigan and Huron during the last few decades have motivated a comprehensive study involving climatic, hydrologic and hydraulic factors organized by International Joint Commission of the Great Lakes. It has been submitted, among other possible causes, that changes in conveyance in the St. Clair River could be contributing to the lowering of the upper Great Lakes water level. Sediment transport processes, in particular bed scour and erosion, can affect significantly a river's conveyance, thus creating the need to assess the erodibility properties of the river bed. To this end, laboratory tests were performed in order to obtain the value of the critical shear stress needed to erode the cohesive fraction of the bed sediment material, known as glacial till, from the St. Clair River. Different flows with increasing velocities were run up to the point where initial sediment erosion could be observed. Through detailed near-bed velocity measurements using a laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system, a value of 4.2 N/m² was obtained as the critical shear stress for the erosion of glacial till. A threshold for the critical shear stress for erosion of similar cohesive sediments was also found and expressed in dimensionless form. These results could be used in combination with mathematical models to estimate the risk of scour and erosion at locations where the glacial till is exposed to both strong currents and flow forces induced by the large navigation vessels commonly observed along the course of the St. Clair River.     

水下切割环境的实现及射流冲蚀性能试验研究

提出了水下射流切割模拟试验装置模型并对其进行了分析与试验。实现了水下切割环境。试验研究了模拟水深、靶距及冲蚀时间对水下射流性能的影响关系，较全面地揭示了水下射流的特性。     

柴达木盆地北缘中生界剥蚀厚度恢复

认为地层剥蚀厚度能否根据压实规律来恢复,其决定因素并非是新沉积层厚度是否大于剥蚀厚度;当不整合面以上新沉积层对不整合面以下老地层施加的压力大于被剥蚀地层(剥蚀前)对不整合面以下老地层施加的压力时,不整合面以下老地层的压实规律被破坏,无法用声波时差法恢复剥蚀厚度,否则可以恢复。据此,以用声波测井资料恢复的地层剥蚀厚度为依据,结合未被剥蚀地层厚度趋势延伸法、盆地构造演化分析法,对柴达木盆地北缘中生界剥蚀厚度进行了恢复,认为柴达木盆地北缘剥蚀量从西向东增大,昆特依坳陷和冷湖构造带的剥蚀量(约500m)大于其东部南八仙、鱼卡等地区(约100m),潜西—冷湖四号地区剥蚀量最大(最大可超过1400m)。图5参4(梁大新摘)     

Effect of Sand Movement on a Cohesive Substrate

Flume experiments investigated the effect of mobile sand on the erosion of cohesive beds. The fluid-induced stress alone was not enough to cause erosion, and sand motion as bed load was needed. Erosion rates and suspended sediment concentration were found to increase with increasing sand transport and to decrease with increasing median grain size. The erosion rate was found to be at a maximum during saltation, intermediate during creep, and lowest during suspension.     

反应合成银氧化锡电接触材料抗熔蚀性研究

采用反应合成技术和传统粉末冶金技术制备银氧化锡(AgSnO2)电接触材料，利用千瓦级CO2激光器模仿电弧作用在试样表面产生局部熔化。对AgSnO2块体材料进行抗熔蚀性测试，对块体材料及冷拉拔的AgSnO2线材进行显微组织分析(扫描电镜、透射电镜)。研究结果表明，采用反应合成技术可以在银基体中合成尺寸细小、界面新鲜的SnO2颗粒，制备AgSnO2电接触材料；用反应合成法制备的AgSnO2材料中，微米级的SnO2颗粒系由纳米级的SnO2颗粒聚集而成；用反应合成法制备的AgSnO2电接触材料由于改变了银和SnO2的结合状态使材料的抗熔蚀性得到改善和提高。     

新型CrMnNiN奥氏体不锈钢的抗空穴腐蚀及磨损性能

对新型CrMnNiN不锈钢JA2（0．23C－13Mn-17Cr-1.90Ni-1.5Mo-1Si-0.33N)的抗空穴腐蚀及磨损性能进行了测试，结果表明，这种奥氏体高锰不锈钢具有高的加工硬化率和好的韧性，比目前水轮机转轮及叶片常用的0Cr13Ni5Mo有更高的抗空穴腐蚀性能及耐泥沙磨损性能。     

Influence of bond coat on shear adhesion strength of erosion and thermal resistant coating for carbon fiber reinforced thermosetting polyimide

Arc-sprayed Al, Zn, and plasma-sprayed Al, Zn, Ni3Al and Cu were deposited on carbon fiber reinforced polyimide substrate as bond coats for erosion and thermal resistant coating. Shear adhesion strength of different materials was tested, and microstructures of bond coats were analyzed with scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the substrate was thermally damaged when Ni3Al or Cu was deposited as bond coat, and the bond coat was delaminated from the substrate. Arc-sprayed and plasma-sprayed Al and Zn could be used as bond coat materials. For Zn as bond coat material, depositing method had little influence on shear adhesion strength. While for Al as bond coat material, plasma spray was superior to arc spray. Preheating could improve shear adhesion strength with plasma sprayed Al as bond coat. The maximum shear adhesion strength obtained in this paper was 14.15 MPa, with plasma-sprayed Al as bond coat, and the preheating temperature was 250 °C.     

加氢精制装置设备的腐蚀与防护

介绍加氢精制装置的主要腐蚀类型及其产生机理,针对不同类型,提出相应的防护措施。     

外加磁场对磁控溅射靶利用率的影响

通过在基片上直接放置一块永久磁铁来研究外加磁场对磁控溅射靶利用率的影响。实验发现 ,外加磁场的引入改变了靶表面附近的磁场分布 ,因而靶的刻蚀环的位置、宽度和深度均发生了明显的变化 ,靶的利用率在S S构型和S N构型中均比无外加磁场时要高。利用空间模拟磁场成功的解释这一实验现象。在S S构型和S N构型中 ,后者靶的刻蚀深度轮廓线比较平坦 ,相对刻蚀深度值更大 ,更能有效地提高靶的利用率     

Systematic Reliability-Based Environmental Design of Erosion for Efficient Engineered Landscape Profiling

Evolving environmental legislation has received increased attention worldwide in the last two decades, reported by Bradfield, Schultz, and Stone in 1996 in Environmental management in the Australian minerals and energy industries. The focus of concern by the industry, environmental regulatory agencies, and members of the public is the potential impacts associated with unstable landscapes which sometimes lead to slope failures, especially in hillside development. Engineered landscape profiles, though stable at the end of construction, may deteriorate over time due to erosion. There is thus a need to increase the base of knowledge on the existing practices of engineered profile design, hillside development, reshaping practices, and erosion control. With escalating production costs and the keen competitiveness in the industry world wide, the necessity to increase the efficiency of engineered profile development is further gaining prominence. This paper reviews the advancement of erosion management research in the industry, economics of landscape profiling, the practical application of the Point Estimate probabilistic technique, and the optimum design selection for the systematic planning and reshaping of engineered landscape profiles. The probabilistic engineering design erosion nomographs developed is useful in determining and illustrating quantitatively the reliability of final engineered landscape designs and the reshaping costs involved for different soil texture types. Landscape designs, which meet environmentally acceptable levels of reliability against erosion failure at optimum earthmoving reshaping costs, can be obtained using this probabilistic engineering design approach whilst satisfying environmental standards and community expectations for erosion minimisation.