Feeding Behavior of Lambs in Relation to Kinetics of 1,8-cineole Dosed Intravenously or into the Rumen

The monoterpene 1,8-cineole is a major constituent of the essential oils that adversely influence intake of sagebrush by herbivores, but little is known about the mechanisms of its action. We investigated the influence of 1,8-cineole on the feeding behavior of two groups of sheep, one group dosed intravenously and the other intraruminally. In the first study, we infused 40 mg/kg BW of 1,8-cineole intravenously into four lambs on wk 1, 2, and 4. In the second, we administered 125 mg/kg BW of 1,8-cineole into the rumen of four lambs as a single-bolus dose in wk 1 and 2. Lambs dosed intravenously spent less time feeding than controls (28 vs. 60 min; P < 0.05), as did lambs dosed intraruminally (35 vs. 60 min; P < 0.05). Dosed lambs ate less than controls during rumen dosing studies (P < 0.05). For the intravenous infusion studies, rates of elimination did not differ among weeks (P < 0.05). For the rumen infusion studies, however, the absorption rate constant increased from 0.035/min to 0.076/min from wk 1 to 2, while the absorption half-life declined from 24 to 10 min (P < 0.05). Maximum plasma concentrations and time to reach maximum plasma concentrations were no faster in wk 2 than wk 1, but the primary elimination rate constant was 2.3 times higher in wk 2 (0.058/min) than in wk 1 (0.025/min) (P < 0.05). Dosed lambs exhibited clinical effects—licking of lips, drowsiness, staggering, and 1,8-cineole-smelling breath—that were much more pronounced with intravenous than rumen infusions. Dosing did not affect the acid–base balance. Collectively, these data suggest 1) rapid absorption and distribution of 1,8-cineole was responsible for initiating satiety, while more prolonged excretion was responsible for the duration of the satiety effect, and 2) lambs more readily adapted to 1,8-cineole in the rumen-dose study than in the intravenous-dose study.     

The Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of the Sodium Salt and Copper (II) Complex of N-[(Trimethylamineboryl)-Carbonyl]-L-Phenylalanine Methyl Ester

Sodium N-[(trimethylamineboryl)-carbonyl]-L-phenylalanine 2 and {N-[(trimethylamineboryl)-carbonyl]-L-phenylalanyl- carbxylato}-bis-{N-[(trimethylaminebryl)-carbonyl]-L-phenylalanine} dicopper (II) 3 were successfully synthesized. The agents blocked L(1210) leukemic cell DNA and RNA syntheses by inhibiting multiple enzyme activities for nucleic acid synthesis, e.g. PRPP amido transferase, IMP dehydrogenase, DNA polymerase alpha, thymidine kinase, and TMP kinase. The copper (II) complex 3 demonstrated improved ability to inhibit L(1210) partially purified DNA topoisomerase II compared to the parent compound while the sodium salt was inactive at 100 muM.     

Attraction of Male European Tarnished Plant Bug, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lygus rugulipennis</Emphasis> to Components of the Female Sex Pheromone in the Field

Previous work showed that females of the European tarnished plant bug, Lygus rugulipennis Poppius (Heteroptera: Miridae), produced three chemicals, hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, and that these were suspected to be components of the female sex pheromone. In field experiments, traps baited with blends of these chemicals dispensed from polyethylene vials and sachets failed to catch significant numbers of males. Here, we report more recent field experiments in which the chemicals were released from glass microcapillary tubes. A blend of hexyl butyrate and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal was significantly attractive to male L. rugulipennis. In addition, whereas the mixture of all three components attracted fewer L. rugulipennis males, this tertiary blend captured significantly greater numbers of males of the congeneric species Lygus pratensis than the binary mixture. The possible reasons for the success of the microcapillaries compared with other dispensers are discussed.     

Minor components in the sex pheromone of legume podborer: Maruca vitrata development of an attractive blend

The legume podborer, Maruca vitrata (syn. M. testulalis) (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a pantropical pest of legume crops. Sex pheromone was collected by gland extraction or trapping of volatiles from virgin female moths originating in India, West Africa, or Taiwan. Analysis by GC-EAG and GC-MS confirmed previously published findings that (E,E)-10,12- hexadecadienal is the most abundant EAG-active component with 2–5% of (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienol also present. At least one other EAG response was detected at retention times typical of monounsaturated hexadecenals or tetradecenyl acetates, but neither could be detected by GC-MS. Laboratory wind-tunnel bioassays and a field bioassay of blends of (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal with (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienol and a range of monounsaturated hexadecenal and tetradecenyl acetate isomers indicated greatest attraction of males was to those including (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienol and (E)-10-hexadecenal as minor components. In subsequent trapping experiments in cowpea fields in Benin, traps baited with a three-component blend of (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal and these two minor components in a 100:5:5 ratio caught significantly more males than traps baited with the major component alone, either two-component blend, or virgin female moths. Further blend optimization experiments did not produce a more attractive blend. No significant differences in catches were found between traps baited with polyethylene vials or rubber septa, or between lures containing 0.01 and 0.1 mg of synthetic pheromone. Significant numbers of female M. vitrata moths, up to 50% of total catches, were trapped with synthetic blends but not with virgin females. At present there is no clear explanation for this almost unprecedented finding, but the phenomenon may improve the predictive power of traps for population monitoring.     

A Flavanone and Two Phenolic Acids from Chrysanthemum morifolium with Phytotoxic and Insect Growth Regulating Activity

Leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Ramat were extracted sequentially with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methanol fraction, when incorporated into artificial diet was found to reduce the growth of cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni Hubner) larvae at concentrations between 500 and 5000 ppm of diet. Fractionation of the methanol extract on a Sephadex column yielded five fractions, three of which reduced the weight of larvae relative to the control. One fraction was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and found to contain three main constituents. These compounds were purified using a combination of gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex LH20 and HPLC, and analyzed by 1H and 13CNMR as well as undergoing chemical and physical analyses. The compounds were identified as: 1, chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid); 2, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid; and 3, 3', 4',5-trihydroxyflavanone7-O-glucuronide (eriodictyol7-O-glucuronide). At concentrations between 100 to 1000 ppm these compounds reduced both growth and photosynthesis of Lemna gibba L. with the order of efficacy being: flavanone > chlorogenic acid > 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Furthermore, when incorporated separately into artificial diet these compounds, at 10 to 1000 ppm, enhanced or reduced growth of the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) and gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.).     

The application of small angle scattering techniques to porosity characterization in carbons

Small angle scattering (SAS) techniques offer a number of advantages for the investigation of the nature and behavior of porous materials. In particular, with respect to carbons, the essentially non-intrusive nature of SAS means that along with the more traditional, pre- and post-treatment characterization of carbons, in principle, characterization can also be performed in situ during adsorption and activation processes. In the current communication, the application of the techniques of small angle X-ray (SAXS) and neutron (SANS) scattering is reviewed specifically with respect to porosity characterization in carbons. First, the basis of these techniques is presented. More recent applications of SAXS and SANS to carbon porosity are presented, and their relative attributes are contrasted, including the related technique of contrast matching with SANS to distinguish “closed” from “open” porosity, and its application to elucidation of pore development mechanisms. Applications of other related techniques, such as μSAXS and TGA/SAXS, to carbon characterization and porosity development are also discussed.     

On the preparation and properties of CuZSM-5 catalysts for NO decomposition

Equilibrium exchange isotherms were determined for the exchange of Cu²⁺ with NaZSM-5 at varying Cu(Ac)₂ concentrations in solutions of constant volume and zeolite weight. At low Cu²⁺ levels the solid scavenged all the copper ions. When copper could be detected in the equilibrated solutions, overexchange was observed. The extent of overexchange was higher at pH 6 than at pH 4. These results were analyzed in relation to catalytic activity.On leave from the Central Institute for Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H1525 Budapest, Hungary.     

Behavior of subsilicates with soap

The behavior of sodium subsilicates as soap builders in commercial laundry operations is discussed, with particular reference to the technically anhydrous product containing 2 mols of sodium oxide per 1 mol of silicon dioxide. A system for evaluating soap builders is suggested, and subsilicates are evaluated according to this system. The data presented indicate that the technically anhydrous 2:1 ratio sodium subsilicate is eminently suitable as a soap builder in commercial laundering.     

Über das Eindringen von Wanderwellen in Wicklungen

Zusammenfassung Es wird vorgeschlagen, für Wicklungen allerlei Art die Vorausberechnung der Überspannungsvorgänge, die von einer willkürlichen auftreffenden Welle hervorgerufen werden, auf gewisse Impedanz- und Verteilungsfunktionen zu gründen, die mit Röhrenanordnungen ein für allemal gemessen werden können. Zu diesem Zweck werden Potentialausdrücke aufgestellt, in welchen die normale Spannungsverteilung und der überlagerte Überspannungsverlauf getrennt auftreten. Der letztere wird wahrscheinlich sehr wenig von den magnetischen Eigenschaften vorhandener Eisenkörper beeinflußt. Auf rein theoretischem Wege werden die oben genannten Funktionen für eine einfache Spule bestimmt und in den Potentialausdrücken eingesetzt. Das Aussehen der Stoßwellenvorgänge kann dadurch diskutiert werden.