Reaction properties and interfacial intermetallics for Sn−xAg−0.5Cu solders as a function of Ag content

Wetting and interfacial reactions were investigated for Sn−xAg−0.5Cu alloys, in which the Ag content had a variation from x=1.0 to x=4.0. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the range of the melting temperature and the solidification temperature by measuring the endothermic and the exothermic heat flow, respectively. Low Ag contents increased the melting temperature ranges and deteriorated the wetting properties such as zero cross time and wetting force measured at two seconds. The extent of undercooling increased and the thickness of intermetallic compounds (IMC) decreased as the Ag content decreased. As the Ag content decreased, the initial IMC thickness decreased due to the large undercooling and, during the solid aging at 170°C, the IMC growth slightly decelerated because of the small diffusion coefficient. For the application of good drop shock reliability, Sn−Ag−Cu solder of low Ag content should be beneficial due to the restraint of the IMC growth (Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu₃Sn) and of the coarse plate-like IMC (Ag₃Sn).     

等向应力条件下非饱和原状黄土增湿渗水特性试验研究

渗水系数是非饱和土固结分析的关键参数之一。用自制的非饱和土三轴剪切渗透仪,在无应力及不同等向应力下分别对不同和相同孔隙比的原状黄土进行了直接向试样分级注水使吸力逐渐减小的增湿渗透试验,分析了孔隙比,应力与饱和度及吸力对增湿渗水系数的影响,对比分析了无应力与应力作用下的渗水特性,提出了可以考虑应力与饱和度或吸力影响的非饱和原状黄土增湿渗水的渗透性函数。研究结果表明:孔隙比和应力对渗水系数与饱和度关系及渗水系数与吸力关系皆有影响,吸力较大时对后者几乎没有影响,可近似归一。无应力及不同应力条件下,只要孔隙比相同,则渗水系数与饱和度或吸力关系相同;相对渗水系数与吸力的关系不能归一,同一吸力对应的相对渗水系数随孔隙比的减小或应力的增大而增大,而相对渗水系数与饱和度及吸力比(吸力与脱气值之比)关系皆可以归一。v G-M模型不适用于描述常孔隙比下原状黄土的渗水系数;提出的渗透函数可以预测一定等向应力作用下增湿过程中饱和度增大及吸力减小时原状黄土的渗水系数,预测结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

含氟季铵盐的动态界面张力性能和润湿铺展性能

含氟季铵盐表面活性剂是一类具有高表面活性、高耐热稳定性、高化学稳定性和憎水、憎油等特殊性能的表面活性剂。该文通过测定不同时间、不同种类的油相、不同质量分数的表面活性剂以及不同无机盐添加比例对油水界面张力的影响以及不同浓度的含氟季铵盐表面活性剂水溶液在石蜡、金属铁等不同固体表面上的接触角,对其动态界面张力以及润湿铺展性能进行了研究。结果表明:界面张力值通常在10 min后基本达到平衡,且用渤61#油做油相时,界面张力值较低,效果比较好;随着表面活性剂质量分数的增加,界面张力先减小,达到一个最低值后渐渐趋于平缓;无机盐的加入使得界面张力先降后升,在Na Cl质量浓度为50~80 g/L内均降至低界面张力,最低值达到0.053 1 m N/m;同时,在典型的具有强疏水性的低能表面石蜡上的铺展性能优良。该研究为其在水溶性场合的应用提供了实验数据。     

Effect of Zr Addition on the Grain Refinement Mechanism of Mg-Gd-Er AlloysEI北大核心CSCD

In recent years, Zr is widely used as an important additive element in magnesium alloys containing rare earth (RE), to improve the mechanical properties of Mg-RE alloys such as strength, ductility, creep resistance and corrosion resistance property. Heterogeneous nucleation mechanism and peritectic reaction mechanism are recognized as the main grain refining mechanisms. Whereas, during the solidification process, the melt wetting angle and nucleation energy are important factors which influence the nucleation. In this work, the effect of Zr on the solidification microstructure of the Mg-Gd-Er alloy was analyzed by using OM and EBSD; the undercooling of alloy melts was tested by using DSC; and the Mg/Zr interface relationship and interfacial energy were investigated by using HRTEM. Moreover, the effects of Zr on the wetting angle and nucleation activation energy of the Mg-11Gd-2Er and Mg-11Gd-2Er-0.4Zr alloys were investigated; the refinement mechanism of Zr on the alloys was discussed. The results indicates that the addition of Zr element can significantly refine the grain, and the grain size decreased from 1000 mm to 50 mu m. Compared with the Zr-free alloy, the nucleation wetting angle of the present alloy melt decreased from 18.3 degrees to 11.1 degrees, and the activation energy of nucleation decreased by 44.4%. The (1010) plane of Mg was completely coherent with the (1100) plane of Zr, reducing the interfacial energy between the (1010) Mg and the (1100) Zr. The grain refinement of Mg-Gd-Er alloy was ascribed to the decrease of melt wetting angle and the fully coherent interface relationship between Mg and Zr.     

土体湿化试验研究现状

土体湿化试验是研究土体湿化特性的重要手段。随着近年来土石坝建设的快速发展,土体湿化试验研究变得尤为重要。文章总结了相关文献的研究成果,从土体湿化试验的研究方法、土体湿化特性和目前存在的问题三方面阐述了土体湿化试验研究的现状。     

A类泡沫灭火剂的润湿性能研究

测试了不同质量分数A类泡沫与水成膜泡沫的润湿性能和表面张力。结果显示,对于同一种泡沫来说,随着泡沫溶液质量分数增加,表面张力逐渐降低,润湿时间快速下降;在相同的测试质量分数下,6%AFFF溶液的表面张力远低于A类泡沫,但润湿性能明显不如A类泡沫。分析研究了泡沫灭火剂的润湿机理及影响泡沫润湿性的关键因素,认为泡沫溶液的润湿性主要取决于溶液与固体的固-液界面张力大小、固体的表面性能、溶液中润湿剂的结构、性质等。     

降雨入渗下膨胀岩渠坡失稳的原位试验研究

 为研究在降雨入渗条件下的膨胀岩（土）渠坡土-水相互作用机理及滑坡成因,在河南新乡南水北调中线工程潞王坟试验段裸坡试验区对不同坡比的 2 个膨胀岩渠坡进行人工降雨试验,试验中跟踪观测渠坡下渗强度、含水率、吸力及水平位移对降雨的响应规律。对观测成果进行分析后认为,在供水强度大于渠坡下渗能力的情况下,降雨强度及坡度对下渗强度没有影响;裂隙发育深度以内土层受降雨影响最为严重,其含水率在干湿循环过程中大幅波动;不论是陡坡还是缓坡,滞水层的存在均使浅层吸力大幅下降;水分入侵只是膨胀岩（土）渠坡滑动破坏的一个诱发因素,干湿循环所引起的裂隙发育与强度衰减才是其根本原因。     

膨胀土的干湿循环性状及其在边坡稳定性分析中的应用

膨胀土的干湿循环性状在膨胀土边坡的稳定性分析中占有重要地位。通过膨胀土的干湿循环试验,得出膨胀土性状变化的基本规律:干湿循环导致膨胀土性状的衰减,在经过4~5次干湿循环之后,其性状改变趋于稳定。从土的微观结构出发,对这些基本规律给出解释;并将这些基本规律应用到膨胀土边坡的稳定分析中,得出了符合工程实际的计算结果。     

棉织物的生物酶前处理

分析了影响棉织物润湿性的因素，证明利用酶的协同效应，选用纤维素酶和果胶酶通过预处理或添加表面活性剂的方法可显著改善棉纤维的润湿性，但生物酶精练与碱煮练对棉织物润湿性改善仍有一定差异。     

基于频域介电谱法的变压器油纸绝缘套管受潮状况分析

近年来频域介电谱法(frequency domain spectrum,FDS)作为一种无损检测方法,逐渐被尝试用来检测大型变压器、套管等油纸绝缘设备的绝缘状态。采用该方法对某500 kV变电站主变压器高中压中性点套管及低压故障套管进行了现场离线测量,然后将所测结果与实验室结果进行比对,分析其故障原因,实现了对现场实测数据的定性和定量分析,确认该批次套管存在出厂时套管芯子干燥不充分问题。研究表明,频域介电谱法不仅能够定性地反映套管内部受潮状况和受潮原因,而且还可以对其受潮程度进行定量分析,从而为该方法在实际生产中的进一步应用提供了理论和实践基础。