Technical note the pattern of ClO2 stabilized by Na2CO3/H2O2

In this paper, the existing patterns of carbonate and ClO2 in the so-called "stabilized chlorine dioxide" solution which is stabilized by stabilizers Na2CO3 and H2O2 are analyzed. Meanwhile, thermostability, UV absorption spectrum, specificity of the paper chromatogram, microstructure and ionic chromatogram of this solution were studied, and contrasted with pure NaClO2 and ClO2. The results show that ClO2 in "stabilized chlorine dioxide" solution exists in the form of chlorite ClO2-, carbonate exists in the form of bicarbonate. Therefore, it is considered that "stabilized chlorine dioxide" solution is mixed solution of ClO2- and HCO3-, its pH being 8.5.     

模拟引潮力作用下岩石破坏前兆的实验研究 --加卸载响应比(LURR)理论和能量加速释放(AER)

大地震前加卸载响应比升高和能量加速释放这2种现象可以用来对地震进行中期预报。同时,加卸载响应比升高和能量加速释放有相同的物理机制。实验对于揭示地壳岩石的变形和破坏规律是非常重要的。在三轴应力条件下进行了岩石破坏声发射实验,声发射技术是研究岩石变形破坏微观机理的重要手段。为了模拟日月引潮力对地球的加载和卸载作用,在一常数加载率的轴向压力作用下,叠加上微小的正弦扰动,力求能够模拟地下岩石复杂的受力状态。实验过程中记录到大量的声发射信息,声发射记录包括声发射发生的时间、空间坐标和振幅,它能够反映岩石试件内部每一个损伤(微裂纹)发生的时间、地点和强度。利用声发射记录系统地分析了岩石试件破坏前能量释放及加卸载响应比的演化情况,结果显示,岩石试件宏观破坏前出现了能量加速释放及加卸载响应比剧增这2种前兆现象,从而对地震临界点理论给予了实验支持,同时也为地震预测提供了实验依据。     

Indoor air quality in Michigan schools

Indoor air quality (IAQ) parameters in 64 elementary and middle school classrooms in Michigan were examined for the purposes of assessing ventilation rates, levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and bioaerosols, air quality differences within and between schools, and emission sources. In each classroom, bioaerosols, VOCs, CO(2), relative humidity, and temperature were monitored over one workweek, and a comprehensive walkthough survey was completed. Ventilation rates were derived from CO(2) and occupancy data. Ventilation was poor in many of the tested classrooms, e.g., CO(2) concentrations often exceeded 1000 ppm and sometimes 3000 ppm. Most VOCs had low concentrations (mean of individual species <4.5 microg/m(3)); bioaerosol concentrations were moderate (<6500 count per m(3) indoors, <41,000 count per m(3) outdoors). The variability of CO(2), VOC, and bioaerosol concentrations within schools exceeded the variability between schools. These findings suggest that none of the sampled rooms were contaminated and that no building-wide contamination sources were present. However, localized IAQ problems might remain in spaces where contaminant sources are concentrated and that are poorly ventilated. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a continuing concern for students, parents, teachers, and school staff, leading to many complaints regarding poor IAQ. Investigations of these complaints often include air sampling, which must be carefully conducted if representative data are to be collected. To better understand sampling results, investigators need to account for the variability of contaminants both within and between schools.     

Significance and interspecific variability of accumulated trace metal concentrations in Antarctic benthic polychaetes

Trace metals were analysed in polychaetes collected on Polarstern cruise ANT XXI/2 (2003/04) to the Weddell Sea. Pb concentrations were largely less than 1.3 mg kg⁻¹ DW in all samples analysed. Statistical results indicate that the accumulated Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations are related to the feeding guild to which the animals are belonging. Relatively low Cd and Cu concentrations are found in macrophagous carnivores and relatively high concentrations in microphagous detritus feeders. The relationship between Zn concentrations and the feeding guilds of polychaetes is reverse. Cd concentrations range from (median values and interquantile ranges in brackets) 2.6 (1.5-3.2) mg kg⁻¹ DW in the carnivorous Trypanosyllis gigantea to 133 (37-176) mg kg⁻¹ in the microphagous detritus feeder Lanicides bilobata; Cu concentrations from 16 (11-19) mg kg⁻¹ in the carnivorous Antarctinoe spicoides to 40 (23-68) mg kg⁻¹ in the microphagous detritus feeder Phyllocomus crocea and Zn from 89 (69-97) mg kg⁻¹ in the microphagous detritus feeder Isocirrus yungi to 396 (372-404) mg kg⁻¹ in the carnivorous Aglaophamus trissophyllus. Ni is ranging from 3.7 (1.8-6.0) mg kg⁻¹ in Polyeunoa laevis to 34 (20-41) mg kg⁻¹ in A. spicoides, but no significant differences are obvious regarding the feeding guilds. Since information on metals in Antarctic polychaetes is almost completely lacking, our results suggest further studies to clarify the role of feeding in the bioaccumulation of metals in this ecologically important taxonomic group.     

Persistent organochlorine compounds in fetal and maternal tissues: evaluation of their potential influence on several indicators of fetal growth and health

Some organochlorine compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have a tendency to bioaccumulate in humans and predators at the top of the food chain. We have recently confirmed the transplacental transfer of these compounds and the present study has been designed on the same material with the aim of investigating their potential health effects on newborns from 70 pregnant women, resident in a Northern Italy industrial town. Organochlorine compounds [namely, p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT), p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (p,p′-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and PCBs] have been analyzed both in cord and maternal serum, placenta, and maternal subcutaneous adipose tissue by GC-MSD. p,p′-DDT levels in the adipose tissue resulted significantly (p < 0.05) related to birth length. Mothers of neonates born by preterm programmed caesarean delivery showed significantly (p < 0.005 for both) higher serum p,p′-DDE serum concentrations and p,p′-DDT levels in the adipose tissue, as compared to mothers delivering at term.     

Temporal variability of nitrate transport through hydrological response during flood events within a large agricultural catchment in south-west France

The temporal variability of nitrate transport was monitored continuously in a large agricultural catchment, the 1110 km² Save catchment in south-west France, from January 2007 to June 2009. The overall aim was to analyse the temporal transport of nitrate through hydrological response during flood events in the catchment. Nitrate loads and hysteresis were also analysed and the relationships between nitrate and hydro-climatological variables within flood events were determined. During the study period, 19 flood events were analysed using extensive datasets obtained by manual and automatic sampling. The maximum NO₃⁻ concentration during flood varied from 8.2 mg l⁻¹ to 41.1 mg l⁻¹ with flood discharge from 6.75 m³ s⁻¹ to 112.60 m³ s⁻¹. The annual NO₃⁻ loads in 2007 and 2008 amounted to 2514 t and 3047 t, respectively, with average specific yield of 2.5 t km⁻¹² yr⁻¹. The temporal transport of nitrate loads during different seasonal flood events varied from 12 t to 909 t. Nitrate transport during flood events amounted to 1600 t (64% of annual load; 16% of annual duration) in 2007 and 1872 t (62% of annual load; 20% of annual duration) in 2008. The level of peak discharge during flood events did not control peak nitrate concentrations, since similar nitrate peaks were produced by different peak discharges. Statistically strong correlations were found between nitrate transport and total precipitation, flood duration, peak discharge and total water yield. These four variables may be the main factors controlling nitrate export from the Save catchment. The relationship between nitrate and discharge (hysteresis patterns) investigated through flood events in this study was mainly dominated by anticlockwise behaviour.     

Application of a three-component competitive adsorption model to evaluate and optimize granular activated carbon systems

A recently developed kinetic model for granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbers (COMPSORB-GAC) that quantitatively describes the adsorption of trace organic contaminant in the presence of competing natural organic matter (NOM) was applied to evaluate the performance of different GAC system configurations: conventional fixed-bed adsorbers, layered upflow carbon adsorbers (LUCA), and moving-bed adsorbers (with few or many bed sections). COMPSORB-GAC separately tracks the adsorption of three components: a trace compound, a strongly competing NOM fraction that reduces trace compound equilibrium capacity, and a pore-blocking NOM fraction that reduces kinetics. Performance was simulated for various design criteria and with model parameters derived for two natural waters with significantly different NOM concentrations. For the range of simulated conditions and with baseline performance defined by a fixed-bed adsorber, LUCA generally reduced carbon usage rates (CURs) by 15-35%. A 2-section and a 16-section moving-bed reactor reduced baseline CURs by 20-30% and 45-55%, respectively. Projected CURs for the water source with a relatively high NOM concentration were 2-3 times higher for all reactor configurations and indicated that NOM preloading would cause performance deterioration in deep GAC beds, which highlights the importance of source water quality. These results show how COMPSORB-GAC can be used in a comprehensive, site-specific optimization of GAC systems to ensure robust system performance and to balance capital and operating costs.     

Chlorophyll-a in the rivers of eastern England

Chlorophyll-a concentration variations are described for two major river basins in England, the Humber and the Thames and related to catchment characteristics and nutrient concentrations across a range of rural, agricultural and urban/industrial settings. For all the rivers there are strong seasonal variations, with concentrations peaking in the spring and summer time when biological activity is at its highest. However, there are large variations in the magnitude of the seasonal effects across the rivers. For the spring-summer low-flow periods, average concentrations of chlorophyll-a correlate with soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Chlorophyll-a is also correlated with particulate nitrogen (PN), organic carbon (POC) and suspended sediments. However, the strongest relationships are with catchment area and flow, where two straight line relationships are observed. The results indicate the importance of residence times for determining planktonic growth within the rivers. This is also indicated by the lack of chlorophyll-a response to lowering of SRP concentrations in several of the rivers in the area due to phosphorus stripping of effluents at major sewage treatment works. A key control on chlorophyll-a concentration may be the input of canal and reservoir waters during the growing period: this too relates to issues of residence times. However, there may well be a complex series of factors influencing residence time across the catchments due to features such as inhomogeneous flow within the catchments, a fractal distribution of stream channels that leads to a distribution of residence times and differences in planktonic inoculation sources. Industrial pollution on the Aire and Calder seems to have affected the relationship of chlorophyll-a with PN and POC. The results are discussed in relation to the Water Framework Directive.     

用于编制地震危险图的BAYESIAN模型

本文介绍一种用于编制地震危险图的Bayesian模型。模型的主要特点如下。断层用位置确定的倾斜平面模拟;一个震源内可用几个平面(梯形)组合,以满足几何约束。面源用水平梯形模拟,而在一定深度处的线源则用一条或几条直线段来模拟。大地构造模型考虑与每一震级地震有关的破裂面积(平面源)或破裂长度(线源)。地震活动性分两步模拟。对于每一震源,假定其发生与震级无关的地震遵循泊松模型。震级分布用贝努利过程得到。用Bayesion统计概念把主观性资料与上述两种模型结合起来,以弥补数据不足。用对数正态分布来考虑衰减的不确定性。选择从破裂区(长度)到场地的最近距离作为衰减用的有效距离。最后,为了简化编图方法,本文模型可用于许多编图参数(由核心限值决定),这些参数在一个整个网格的各节点上一次运算就可得到。     

Migration cost externality and interregional equilibrium

This paper introduces the concept of migration cost in analyzing the interregional allocation of population. Migration cost gives the social planner an additional burden of population reallocation, and it has an important effect upon an individual's decisions on migration in a decentralized market mechanism. Interregional migration is influenced by migration cost, initial state of the population, etc. Though the difference of marginal productivity of labor and the consumption of composite good in one region is greater than that in another region, migration will not be desirable if the difference of net benefit between two regions from migration does not cover migration cost. Therefore, there will be a range of initial population allocation for which no migration occurs, not only for the social planner's problem but also for the individual's migration decision. Comparison of populations between social optimum and market equilibrium with central government intervention revealsmigration cost externality. The reason and remedy for this externality are discussed.