Visual contrast modulates maturation of camouflage body patterning in cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis).

Camouflage is the primary defense behavior in cephalopods. It is known that cuttlefish immediately after hatching are capable of showing various body patterns for concealing themselves, however recent studies suggest that maturation of camouflage body patterns is faster for cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) reared in enriched environments than those reared in impoverished environments. Since camouflage patterning in cephalopods is predominately visually driven, this study specifically investigates effects of the rearing background contrast on the maturation of body patterns in cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis). Newly hatched animals were separated into two cohorts, one reared in a uniform-gray background (low-contrast, or L group) and the other raised in a black/white checkerboard background (high-contrast, or H group). At Weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, cuttlefish were placed individually either on uniform or checkerboard substrates to examine their body patterns. Animals from both L and H groups appear to show moderate disruptive patterns on the checkerboard and less disruptive on the uniform background at Week 2. Throughout development, however, cuttlefish from the H group showed stronger disruptive patterns than that of the L group on the checkerboard background at Weeks 10 and 12. In interesting findings, cuttlefish from both L and H groups showed similar strength but different disruptive components on the uniform background in later postembryonic stages. These results suggest that the maturation of camouflage body patterns in S. pharaonis is at least in part affected by visual contrast of their rearing backgrounds, although environmental complexity or social interaction is also likely to be involved in this process. This also implies that early visual experience could exert its effect on the seemingly preprogrammed behaviors such as camouflage body patterning in cephalopods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

预应变对高钢级管线钢延性的影响

通过对X100管线钢原始状态和预应变状态钢材取光滑拉伸试样(ST)和缺口拉伸试样(NT),并分别在纵向(L)和横向(T)加载,研究了各试样应力-应变、应力-直径缩减量等的变化情况.结果表明,高钢级管线钢表现出了塑性的各向异性、各向同性和随动强化等特性.此外,通过数值模拟和分析,对不同加载状态下的试样建立了可以表现各向异...     

Q235B焊管横裂原因分析

Q235B热轧卷板在焊管成型过程中出现严重的横向开裂。通过金相检验、性能检验和扫描电镜分析，确定该断裂为低应力脆性，开裂与钢板中含量较高的非金属夹杂物、不合格的延伸率和冲击功以及热轧控温不理想造成的基板塑性低有关。     

An overlapping domain decomposition method for the simulation of elastoplastic incremental forming processes

The implicit finite element (FE) simulation of incremental metal cold forming processes is still a challenging task. We introduce a dynamic, overlapping domain decomposition method to reduce the computational cost and to circumvent the need for sophisticated remeshing procedures. The two FE domains interchange information using the elastoplastic operator split and the mortar method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Micromechanical modeling of the behavior of duplex stainless steels

The aim of the present paper is the micromechanical modeling of an aged duplex (austenite/ferrite) stainless steel. While the elastic properties of both phases are almost the same, the plastic mismatch between ferrite and austenite is high due to ferrite aging. Accounting for the complex micro and macrostructure of this material, three scales are investigated. The first one corresponds to each single phase. The second scale consists of a percolated (interwoven) network of both phases. The third scale is an aggregate of percolated bicrystals. For the first scale, each phase is modeled as a single crystal. In the second scale, F.E. simulations are performed on a unit cubic cell representing the percolated networks. A mean field model is then fitted in order to represent that bicrystal. This mean field model is used at the third scale to model the behavior of the aggregate of two-phase grains, using a model for multi-phase materials. At this scale, it becomes possible to represent the distribution of average ferrite stresses in each ferrite-austenite bicrystal. These variations are thought to be responsible for the heterogeneous damage nucleation observed in this material.     

Numerical simulation of plastic deformation and fracture in polysynthetically twinned (PST) crystals of TiAl

Plastic deformation and fracture in polysynthetically twinned (PST) crystals of TiAl have been simulated by using periodic unit cells representing the relaxed-constraint model recently proposed by Lebensohn et al. [Acta Mater. 46 (1998) 4701–4709] for the co-deformation of the lamellar compound of PST-TiAl. The unit cells contain both intermetallic phases, ₂-(Ti₃Al) and γ-(TiAl). Furthermore, the six orientation variants of the γ-phase are also considered. The constitutive behaviour of both phases is described by crystal plasticity, and the damage behaviour has been implemented by means of cohesive elements. The unit cells have been used as submodels for multi-scale finite element simulations of compression tests and fracture mechanics tests of notched micro-bend specimens. It is shown that the anisotropy of plastic deformation and damage in PST-TiAl can be well represented.     

Numerical approximation of incremental infinitesimal gradient plasticity

We investigate a representative model of continuum infinitesimal gradient plasticity. The formulation is an extension of classical rate‐independent infinitesimal plasticity based on the additive decomposition of the symmetric strain tensor into elastic and plastic parts. It is assumed that dislocation processes contribute to the storage of energy in the material whereby the curl of the plastic distortion appears in the thermodynamic potential and leads to an additional nonlocal backstress tensor. The formulation is cast into a numerical framework by a saddle point approximation of the corresponding minimization problem in each incremental loading step. This allows one to reformulate the (nonlocal) dissipation inequality to a point‐wise flow rule and yields a solution scheme, which is a direct extension of the standard approach in classical plasticity. Our numerical results show the regularizing effects of the additional physically motivated terms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

销轴生产工艺的改进

为降低生产成本 ,提高材料利用率 ,对原销轴配件生产工艺提出改进 ,即采用局部顶镦单模膛模锻毛坯     

应力应变对马氏体相变动力学及相变塑性影响的研究

针对应力应变对马氏体相应动力学及相变塑性的影响进行了研究。得到了应力作用下相变动力学和相变塑性的计算模型，而且发现相变前预应变限制了相变塑性的数量和相变反应的速度，使之不能用弹性状态下得到的模型进行简单的外推，并利用应力应变诱导相变，母亲上强化等理论进行了解释。     

OPTIMAL PLASTIC SHAPE DESIGN OF HEADS OF PLANE TENSION MEMBERS WITH SKEW BEARING SURFACES

The paper presents the boundary perturbation method applied to optimal plastic shape design. Perfect plasticity is assumed. The procedure consists of two steps: the class of fully plastic solutions in the limit stale is first determined, and then the optimal shape is chosen from among these solutions. Heads of tension members with skew bearing surfaces are considered. Optimal angle of inclination of such surfaces is also evaluated. The final results are verified by means of the AD1NA program.