The effect of heat treatment on tensile properties of 2D C/SiC composites

Two-dimensional (2D) carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) composites with different initial strength were prepared by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). After tensile property testing, results exhibited that as the heat-treatment temperature (HTT) increases to 1900°C, the tensile strength and toughness of the low strength specimen (LSS) increased by 110% and 530%, while the high strength specimen (HSS) increased by 5.4% and 550%, respectively. As observed from morphologies, the heat treatment increases the graphitization of the amorphous PyC interphase, which leads to the weakening of interfacial bonding strength (IBS). Meanwhile, the defects arising from heat treatment cause thermal residual stress relaxation. Therefore, the tensile strength and toughness of LSS with relatively high initial IBS increase significantly as HTT increases. For HSS with moderate initial IBS, the heat treatment slightly improves the tensile strength, but significantly improves the toughness. Consequently, the post-heat-treatment tensile properties of 2D C/SiC composites can be regulated by varying HTTs and different initial strength.     

Photocatalytic performance of Fe-substituted ZnAl2O4 powders under sunlight irradiation on degradation of industrial dyes

Using the sol–gel auto combustion method with diethanolamine (DEA) as fuel, a sequence of iron-substituted zinc aluminates, ZnFe_xAl_2-xO₄ powders, including variable Fe³⁺ ion concentrations (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) were effectively prepared. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were employed to examine the structures, chemical bonds, morphologies, composition, surface area, and optical properties as well as the magnetic behavior of the obtained samples. A single-phase spinel structure was obtained for the calcined aluminate powders with different interplanar spacing and crystallite sizes, as revealed by the classification results. The bandgap energy (E_g) of adapted aluminates was in the range of 2.04-3.14 eV, identified as being much lower compared to the pure sample (5.60 eV). Thus, Fe³⁺-substituted ZnAl₂O₄ samples could be successfully photoexcited using both ultraviolet and visible light, as suggested by the results. Examination of how the four main pollutant types decay when irradiated by sunlight was carried out to assess the samples and establish photocatalytic activity. These contaminants included rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and methyl red (MR). The performance of photocatalytic degradation reached 98% after 150 min for all optimal samples of organic dyes. Besides, each of the altered photocatalysts could be recycled and displayed high stability. The S-shaped curve of ferrimagnetism can result in those samples as found by the magnetic measurements, though pure ZnAl₂O₄ displays diamagnetic characteristics. The adapted samples show intense improvement in the remanent magnetization (M_r) when compared to pure ZnAl₂O₄, signifying that magnetic photocatalyst recovery by applying an external magnetic field is easy. Thus, these results offer a convincing sign that ZnAl₂O₄ powders replaced by Fe³⁺ could provide the ability to aid in the ecologically friendly collection of solar energy.     

重芳烃轻质化催化剂n（Ni）/n（Ni+Mo）的优化与分析

以β分子筛为载体,在保持金属总负载量不变的情况下,采用等体积浸渍法制备了4种不同n（Ni）/n（Ni+Mo）的催化剂。分别采用X射线衍射（XRD）、比表面积测试（BET）、氨程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、氢程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、氢程序升温脱附（H₂-TPD）和热重-差热分析（TG-DTG）等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,4种催化剂的酸量和酸强度相近,在n（Ni）/n（Ni+Mo）等于基准+0.2时,Mo与载体之间的相互作用最弱,其氢气吸附量最多且积炭量最少;采用某炼厂重整C₁₀⁺ 重芳烃对4种催化剂进行评价,结果表明n（Ni）/n（Ni+Mo）等于基准+0.2催化剂具有最优的催化活性和稳定性。上述结果表明,影响重芳烃轻质化催化剂活性和稳定性的关键因素是催化剂氢气吸附量的多少,氢气吸附量越多金属表面的溢流氢效应越明显,积炭前驱体被溢流氢及时消除,从而保护了催化剂的加氢活性中心不被积炭覆盖,有助于催化剂在较高活性下保持稳定。     

非线性负荷接入高压-超高压系统应用评估

目前中国正持续快速建设高速电气化铁路网络。高铁负荷接入高压-超高压电网的需求越来越高,它们接入电网会注入谐波电流,造成电压波形畸变。为对比IEC/TR 61000-3-6: 2008技术性文件和英国G5/5工程导则中非线性负荷接入高压-超高压系统的评估方法,以某220 kV高铁牵引站接入为应用案例,开展评估及应用效果对比分析。研究成果为电能质量谐波国家标准的修订提供一些参考。     

Ni/W比对NiWCx催化剂加氢性能的影响

过渡金属碳化物具有类似贵金属的电子结构和加氢性能。采用等体积浸渍法制备了不同Ni/W比的NiW/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,以程序升温碳化法转化为NiW碳化物后对芳烃模型化合物和低温煤焦油中分离所得芳烃组分进行加氢处理。催化剂的N₂吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR和SEM表征表明,Ni的添加促进了载体表面WO₃物种的分散和还原,抑制了WO₃晶体的团聚和大晶粒的生成。萘的加氢实验表明,Ni/W原子比为0.6时催化剂的活性最佳,而添加苯酚和吡啶后的模型油加氢过程中萘的转化率和十氢萘的产率均明显下降,Ni/W原子比为0.47和0.6的催化剂性能相近,煤焦油中芳烃组分加氢后Ni/W原子比为0.47的催化剂性能更优。结果表明,Ni和W均具有良好的加氢活性,但Ni耐杂原子性能较差,二者存在一个最佳的配比以使加氢性能更优。有杂原子化合物存在时,如煤基芳烃组分的加氢,Ni/W原子比为0.47的NiW碳化物催化剂具有更好的加氢性能。     

等速升温流态化下CaO/生物质焦的SO2/NO联合脱除特性

燃煤锅炉污染物超低排放标准对电厂脱硫和脱硝系统提出了更高的要求。CaO作为脱硫剂可以实现循环流化床锅炉烟气中SO₂的高效脱除,焦炭作为还原剂直接还原NO,同时CaO的存在对焦炭还原NO起催化作用,可以实现燃煤烟气中SO₂/NO的联合脱除。为了探究连续温度变化对CaO/生物质焦联合脱硫脱硝性能的影响,在钙循环捕集CO₂技术背景下,研究了等速升温流态化下CaO/生物质焦的SO₂/NO联合脱除特性。探究了烟气中O₂和CO₂对CaO/椰壳焦脱除SO₂/NO的影响。结果表明,O₂通过对椰壳焦表面碳原子的活化作用降低了异相还原NO温度,在300~950℃等速升温过程中CaO/椰壳焦的NO脱除效率逐渐增加,780℃以上能实现100%脱硝。O₂也提高了CaO/椰壳焦的脱硫效率。CO₂与CaO的碳酸化反应以及与椰壳焦的气化反应对同时脱除SO₂/NO有明显抑制作用。O₂和CO₂共同作用下,在500~800℃内CaO/椰壳焦的脱硝效率随温度升高而增加,脱硫效率先降低后升高。NO促进了CaO/椰壳焦脱除SO₂,而SO₂对脱硝有抑制作用。800℃时CaO/椰壳焦同时脱除SO₂和NO的效率分别为97.7%和93.9%。     

关注区可变的实时仿真方法与平台

交直流混合电网的实时仿真既要考虑电力电子设备的开关特性,又要保证适应较大的电网规模,在实际工程中面临诸多困难.给子网络赋予动态可变的关注标志,对关注子网络采用存储压力小的节点消去法,对非关注子网络采用计算量少的线性组合法,从而保证骨架型节点电压法的实用性.在Xilinx公司的Virtex-7 FPGA VC709开发板中,采用无缝的并行化仿真计算程序对接方式和灵活的结构参数查询方法解决了现场可编程逻辑门阵列资源的紧缺问题,设计了一种关注区可变的实时数字仿真平台.以典型的交直流混合电网为例,仿真验证了所提方法的可行性与所研发平台的有效性.     

孤岛微电网分布式P-V协调控制策略

为提升有功功率分配精度和降低线路损耗,研究了一种孤岛微电网分布式有功-电压(P-V)协调控制策略.重点提出了考虑线损系数及节点电压优化量的有功分配因子设计方法,并研究了基于有功分配因子一致原则的功率分配方法.采用分布式稀疏通信网络进行信息交互,利用一致性算法得到二级控制所需的有功分配因子平均估计值和系统平均电压估计值,产生综合电压优化量完成下垂控制优化,实现孤岛微电网分布式P-V协调控制.该策略可有效兼顾线路损耗降低以及有功功率分配精度提升,控制各节点电压在合理范围内,并调节系统平均电压至额定值.最后通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真验证了所提控制策略的有效性.     

多子微电网型交直流混合配电系统灵活功率控制与电压抑制策略

为了解决多子微电网型交直流混合配电系统功率分配以及交流子微电网母线电压偏差大的问题,提出一种灵活功率控制与电压抑制策略.首先分别推导了单个交流子微电网频率、直流子微电网电压与公共直流母线电压的关系,然后分析多个交直流子微电网之间的频率与电压关系,并利用此关系对交直流子微电网中储能单元的下垂控制进行改进,实现整个系统的功率互助及分配.另外,对双向AC/DC变换器电流内环控制进行改进,利用扩张状态观测器对扰动电流进行跟踪,并将跟踪得到的扰动电流引入双向AC/DC变换器电流内环中进行补偿消除,以抑制交流子微电网的电压波动.最后,在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台中建立多子微电网型交直流混合配电系统模型,仿真结果表明所提控制方法可以实现交直流混合配电系统中子微电网间的功率互助,较好地维持交流子微电网母线电压和频率、直流子微电网电压与公共直流母线电压的稳定.     

LiNi0.6 Co0.2 Mn0.2 O2@LiMn0.6 Fe0.4 PO4/C复合正极材料的制备及性能

采用简单的机械球磨混合法制得NCM@LMFP/C(LiNi_0.6 Co_0.2 Mn_0.2 O₂@LiMn_0.6 Fe_0.4 PO₄/C)复合正极材料,系统地研究了NCM与LMFP/C复合比例(9∶1,8∶2,7∶3,6∶4,5∶5)对材料电化学性能和热稳定性的影响.使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对复合正极材料的结构与形貌进行表征研究.研究结果表明:当NCM与LMFP/C复合比例小于8∶2时,亚微米级LMFP/C出现富集、团聚,将NCM包埋其中.当NCM与LMFP/C复合比例为8∶2时,LMFP/C均匀地包覆在NCM颗粒表面或填充于其颗粒空隙中,材料的电化学性能最优、热稳定性良好:电流为0.1 C和1 C时的放电比容量分别为180.1和165.0 mAh/g,均高于理论测算容量(178.9和164.3 mAh/g);循环80周后容量保持率为95.7%,优于NCM(94.9%);复合正极材料热失控温度相比于NCM提高了25℃且放热量更低.