A series of tetrathiophene-based fully non-fused ring acceptors (4T-1, 4T-2, 4T-3, and 4T-4), which can be paired with the star donor polymer PBDB-T to fabricate highly efficient organic solar cells are developed. Tailoring the size of lateral chains can tune the solubility and packing mode of acceptor molecules in neat and blend films. It is found that the incorporation of 2-ethylhexyl chains can effectively change the compatibility with the donor polymer PBDB-T, and an encouraging power conversion efficiency of 10.15% is accomplished by 4T-3-based organic solar cells. It also presents good compatibility with the other polymer donor and an even higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.04% is achieved based on D18:4T-3 blend, which is the champion PCE for the fully non-fused acceptors. Importantly, these inexpensive tetrathiophene fully non-fused ring acceptors provide cost-effective photovoltaic performance. The results demonstrate a high photovoltaic performance from synthetically inexpensive materials could be achieved by the rational design of non-fused ring acceptor molecules. 相似文献
Coal mining can dramatically change hydrogeological conditions and induce serious environmental problems. Fifty groundwater samples were collected from the main aquifers in the Yuaner coal mine (Anhui Province, China). The results show that the main hydrogeochemical processes in the mine include dissolution, precipitation, pyrite oxidation, desulfurization, and cation exchange. The Neogene porous aquifer is affected by groundwater flow conditions; its main hydrogeochemical processes are dissolution of carbonate minerals and gypsum, and cation exchange. The Permian coal measure’s fractured sandstone aquifer was confirmed to be controlled by the region’s geological structure; its main hydrogeochemical processes are desulfurization and cation exchange. The Carboniferous Taiyuan limestone aquifer was determined by both groundwater flow conditions and regional geological structure; its main hydrogeochemical processes are dissolution of carbonate minerals and gypsum, pyrite oxidation, and cation exchange. Additionally, hydrogeochemical inverse modeling of the groundwater flow path confirm the hydrochemistry results and principal component analysis.
The effects of soybean variety and germination time on structural changes, antinutritional factor content, antioxidant activity of germinated soybean, and on the functional properties of soymilk were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that the antioxidant activity increased with increasing germination time. The content of antinutritional factors decreased with increasing germination time. Soybean varieties with the lowest tannin and trypsin inhibitor content were DN690 and HJ1. Lipoxygenase activity and phytic acid content showed no significant differences among soybean varieties. The content of α-helices and β-turns in soybean protein decreased with increasing germination time, while the content of β-sheets was increased. Soybean protein was progressively broken down into smaller molecular peptides during the germination process. The digestion and content of soluble protein in soymilk increased with germination. In summary, we show that germination is an effective, cheap, and green method that improves the functional properties of soybean and soymilk. 相似文献
The effects of cellulose microfibres (CMFs, Average size: 100 ± 5 μm) and cellulose nanofibres (CNFs, Average size: 60 ± 3 nm) on the properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) gels from duck breast meat were studied. The results demonstrated that CMFs and CNFs were mostly connected to MP by non-covalent bonds, the diffusion and cross-linking of MP molecules was promoted, and a denser and more complete gel network was formed. With the increases of CMFs and CNFs concentration (0–10%), the hardness was increased by 13.15% and 19.78% for CMFs10% and CNFs10% gels, respectively, and the elasticity was increased by 40% and 80%, respectively. At the same concentration (0–10%), the increase in gel hardness, viscoelasticity and immobilised water content was greater in the CNFs-MP group than in the CMFs-MP group. The CNFs-MP group had a tighter gel network, and CNFs had a better potential to improve the gelation performance of MP. 相似文献
Alumina inclusions in commercial as-cast 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V aluminum deoxidized steel exhibited a feature of porous structure. In order to investigate the crushing characteristics of alumina inclusion during hot working, a series of alumina blocks with different porosity whose properties are similar to the alumina inclusions in ingots were prepared using spark plasma sintering. The crushing behavior of alumina blocks during hot compression with quasi-static load was studied. A prediction model of compressive strength of alumina inclusions considering apparent porosity was established on basis of hyperbolic sine Arrhenius equation. A novel crushing mode diagram for alumina inclusions characterized by Z parameter was proposed. The crushing mechanism of alumina inclusions under different deformation parameters was clarified by fracture characteristics. The results showed that the hot compression process of alumina presented a typical brittle fracture, the compressive strength was more sensitive to deformation conditions at lower apparent porosity as compared with the conditions of higher apparent porosity. With the increase of Z, the crushing mode of alumina inclusions gradually changed from intergranular fracture to transgranular fracture. 相似文献
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - Bio-cementation is currently applied to solidify sandy soils, but only few studies use it to cement loess soil particles. In this study, the... 相似文献
High quality zirconia whiskers have been successfully prepared by molten salt method, using zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl2·8H2O) and sodium phosphate tribasic dodecahydrate (Na3PO4·12H2O) as precursor and molten salt, respectively. The effects of types of molten salt and heat treatment temperature on the formation of zirconia whiskers were characterized by XRD, Raman, DTA-TG, FE-SEM, TEM, SAED and HR-TEM. When Na3PO4·12H2O is utilized as molten salt and the heat treatment temperature is 900?°C, the as-prepared zirconia whiskers with length ranging from 4?µm to 8?µm show an average aspect ratio of 25. The obtained ZrO2 whiskers with monoclinic structure are elongated along [010] direction and exhibit a smooth surface with no distinct defects. The XRD and Raman results reveal that the phase transformation from tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia occurs with the increased crystal size and the water quenching treatment can significantly reduce the content of sodium zirconium phosphate [Na9–4×Zrx(PO4)3] in the final product. The growth mechanism of zirconia whiskers is supposed to be a dissolution-precipitation process. Since the sodium zirconium phosphate [Na9–4×Zrx(PO4)3] effectively promotes the dissolution of zirconia in liquid molten salt, zirconia can grow into zirconia whiskers according to its anisotropy. 相似文献
Effects of thermal (boiling, steaming and autoclaving), microwave and ultrasonication pretreatments on the production of sweet potato protein hydrolysates (SPPH) through in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID) were investigated. All pretreatments significantly increased the degree of hydrolysis (DH), antioxidant activities and molecular weight (MW) <3 kDa peptide fractions contents of SPPH in the order of autoclaving > microwave, steaming > boiling > ultrasonication (P <0.05). Correlation analysis between peptides content and antioxidant activity suggested that antioxidant activity of SPPH mainly attributed to MW <3 kDa peptides. Diverse peptides ranged from 487.24 to 1477.74 Da with 7–13 amino acids were identified in the MW <3 kDa peptides fraction with autoclaving pretreatment and matched sporamins A, A precursor and B sequences from LC–QTOF–MS/MS analysis. Conformational structures of nine peptides were predicted with well-known antioxidant amino acids. There is a high potential for SPPH used as a functional supplement in food system. 相似文献