Influence of density on the post-suffusion behavior of gap-graded sand with fines

Suffusion erosion, characterized as the selective detachment and transportation of finer particles by seepage flow, is hazardous to the stability and serviceability of geotechnical structures. The removal of finer particles deteriorates the structure and fabric of the soil, leading to the degradation of its mechanical properties. Studies into the effects of suffusion on mechanical behavior have so far produced disparate results depending on the pre-erosion relative density of the specimens tested. To investigate this issue, small cyclic and monotonic loading tests were performed on intact and eroded gap-graded silty sand specimens in three dispersed density states, using a triaxial cell modified for the purpose of erosion. The variation of Young's modulus showed an inverse relationship with the pre-erosion density of the specimen, as the small strain stiffness decreased in the dense cases and increased in the loose cases. Conversely, Poisson's ratio increased in value as suffusion progressed regardless of the initial density of the specimens. In the contractive phase of monotonic loading, the densification of the coarse soil skeleton by the downward seepage flow resulted in a decrease in contractiveness and an increase in secant stiffness. In the dilative phase, the increase in porosity by the erosion of finer particles reduced the dilatancy and peak strength of the specimens. The results suggest that the pre-suffusion density determines the primary locus of affected mechanical behavior in triaxial compression, which shifts from the contractive phase to the dilative phase with the increase in pre-suffusion density. The critical state strength, inferred using stress–dilatancy theory, was largely unaffected by the erosion of finer particles. As the results indicate, pre-erosion density may be of practical significance in assessing the vulnerability to deterioration and collapse of geotechnical formations and structures subjected to suffusion erosion.     

Post-erosion mechanical responses of internally unstable gap-graded soil under drained torsional simple shear and triaxial compression

Internal erosion is a major threat to hydraulic earth structures, such as river levees and dams. This paper focuses on suffusion and suffosion phenomena which are caused by the movement of fine particles in the granular skeleton due to seepage flow. The present study investigates the impact of internal erosion on the dynamic response under cyclic torsional shear and monotonic responses under triaxial compression and torsional simple shear. A series of experiments, using a gap-graded silica mixture with a fines content of 20%, is performed under loose, medium, and dense conditions using a novel erosion hollow cylindrical torsional shear apparatus. The erosion test results indicate that the critical hydraulic gradient and the rate of erosion are density-dependent, where a transition from suffosion to suffusion is observed as the seepage continues. Regardless of the sample density, variations in the radial strain and particle size distribution, along the specimen height after erosion, are no longer uniform. Furthermore, the dynamic shearing results show that the small-strain shear modulus increases, but the initial damping ratio decreases after internal erosion, probably due to the removal of free fines. In addition, the elastic threshold strain and reference shear strain values are found to be higher for the eroded and non-eroded specimens, respectively. Finally, based on drained monotonic loading, the post-erosion peak stress ratio increases remarkably under triaxial compression, while that under torsional simple shear depends on the relative density where the direction of loading is normal to the direction of seepage. These observations indicate that the horizontal bedding plane becomes weaker, while the vertical one becomes stronger after downward erosion.     

用于电弧检测的电力专用SoC设计

针对传统的电弧电路故障检测结果不准确的问题,设计用于电弧检测的SoC系统,并且在55nm工艺下进行流片验证。采用包含两种结构的模数转换器的片上电压源,设计了锁相环以及复位电路,精度最高可达8.67 bit。验证结果表明,本设计可提高电弧检测的准确性。     

Leading edge erosion of wind turbines: Effect of solid airborne particles and rain on operational wind farms

Leading edge erosion (LEE) affects almost all wind turbines, reducing their annual energy production and lifetime profitability. This study presents results of an investigation into 18 operational wind farms to assess the validity of the current literature consensus surrounding LEE. Much of the historical research focuses on rain erosion, implying that this is the predominant causal factor. However, this study showed that the impact of excessive airborne particles from seawater aerosols or from adverse local environments such as nearby quarries greatly increases the levels of LEE. Current testing of leading edge protection coatings or tapes is based on a rain erosion resistivity test, which does little to prove its ability to withstand solid particle erosion and may drive coating design in the wrong direction. Furthermore, it was shown that there is little correlation between test results and actual field performance. A method of monitoring the expected level of erosion on an operational wind turbine due to rain erosion is also presented. Finally, the energy losses associated with LEE on an operational wind farm are examined, with the average annual energy production dropping by 1.8% due to medium levels of erosion, with the worst affected turbine experiencing losses of 4.9%.     

多泥沙河流水电站水轮机转轮内部流动数值模拟

针对多泥沙水电站水轮机转轮的泥沙磨损问题,以HLA351-LJ-275水轮机为模型,对水轮机在设计工况下,运用N-S方程和标准κ-ε湍流模型,利用CFX求解器进行仿真流动模拟。水轮机转轮进口沿叶高20%、50%、80%流面的压力、泥沙速度及泥沙体积分数分布的数值结果表明,水轮机转轮叶片工作面压力大于背面且最小压力高于气化压力。泥沙速度在叶片进水边和出水口位置普遍较高。水轮机转轮叶片工作面的泥沙体积分数大于背面,叶片工作面的泥沙体积分数在叶片出水口普遍较高,叶片背面的泥沙体积分数在叶片进水边普遍较高。研究结果对多泥沙河流水轮机转轮叶片的泥沙磨损评估及维修具有指导意义。     

伞帽用高铬铸铁在热强碱腐蚀环境下的磨损分析

针对氧化铝行业中常用的Cr28和Cr20高铬铸铁伞帽在相同工况条件下的磨损机理进行分析,并对比研究了实际生产中两种失效材料的成分、组织及性能。结果表明,伞帽部件在高温强碱腐蚀条件下受到外界冲刷时,磨损量由微切削磨损与变形磨损这两种机制共同决定。含铬量较高的Cr28高铬铸铁,其冲刷和抗腐蚀磨损性能均优于Cr20高铬铸铁。伞帽服役寿命主要受浆料和表层的铸铁材料两大因素影响。两种试验材料经淬火+回火处理后,基体组织中主要为回火马氏体+M₇C₃型碳化物+少量残留奥氏体,其中含铬量较高的Cr28高铬铸铁中共晶碳化物含量更高,且分布更加弥散,其平均硬度值为64.0 HRC,高于Cr20高铬铸铁的60.2 HRC。最终确定Cr28高铬铸铁作为伞帽材质更能满足氧化铝生产及设备检修周期的需要。     

钢包包衬侵蚀对内衬温度和钢水温降的影响

为了研究包衬侵蚀对钢水温降的影响规律,通过ANSYS有限元软件以及ParaMesh网格随移技术建立了考虑包衬侵蚀的钢包传热计算模型,研究并分析了包衬侵蚀对包衬及钢水温度的影响规律。结果表明,包衬侵蚀对包衬温度影响较大,在相邻两个修包周期内,包衬侵蚀造成渣线和包壁的包衬内部(工作层与永久层交界处)温差为14～114 K;包衬侵蚀导致包壳外表面温度升高,包壳向外散热增加,与此同时,包衬受侵蚀变薄,蓄热减少,两者同时作用导致包衬侵蚀对钢水温降影响不大,最高不超过1 K,在实际生产中可以适当地忽略钢包侵蚀对钢水温降的影响。     

Experimental study on mitigating wind erosion of calcareous desert sand using spray method for microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Wind erosion is one of the significant natural calamities worldwide, which degrades around one-third of global land. The eroded and suspended soil particles in the environment may cause health hazards, i.e. allergies and respiratory diseases, due to the presence of harmful contaminants, bacteria, and pollens. The present study evaluates the feasibility of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technique to mitigate wind-induced erosion of calcareous desert sand (Thar desert of Rajasthan province in India). The temperature during biotreatment was kept at 36 °C to stimulate the average temperature of the Thar desert. The spray method was used for bioaugmentation of Sporosarcina (S.) pasteurii and further treatment using chemical solutions. The chemical solution of 0.25 pore volume was sprayed continuously up to 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, and 20 d, using two different concentration ratios of urea and calcium chloride dihydrate viz 2:1 and 1:1. The biotreated samples were subjected to erosion testing (in the wind tunnel) at different wind speeds of 10 m/s, 20 m/s, and 30 m/s. The unconfined compressive strength of the biocemented crust was measured using a pocket penetrometer. The variation in calcite precipitation and microstructure (including the presence of crystalline minerals) of untreated as well as biotreated sand samples were determined through calcimeter, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX). The results demonstrated that the erosion of untreated sand increases with an increase in wind speeds. When compared to untreated sand, a lower erosion was observed in all biocemented sand samples, irrespective of treatment condition and wind speed. It was observed that the sample treated with 1:1 cementation solution for up to 5 d, was found to effectively resist erosion at a wind speed of 10 m/s. Moreover, a significant erosion resistance was ascertained in 15 d and 20 d treated samples at higher wind speeds. The calcite content percentage, thickness of crust, bulk density, and surface strength of biocemented sand were enhanced with the increase in treatment duration. The 1:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution was found effective in improving crust thickness and surface strength as compared to 2:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution. The calcite crystals formation was observed in SEM analysis and calcium peaks were observed in EDX analysis for biotreated sand.