槽波透射勘探技术在寺河矿的精准应用

在井下综采工作面一侧巷道内激发槽波,另一侧巷道中接收通过采面透射的槽波。利用煤层与岩层的物理力学差异,分析在煤层中激发和接收到的槽波,以此来探查综采工作面中地质构造、煤体破碎区、应力集中区的位置,从而为后期探测地质构造参数、煤体破碎区注浆、应力集中区消突等工作的顺利进行提供基础数据,提高后期工程实施的针对性。     

Case history on failure of a 67 M tall reinforced soil slope

Construction of this 67 m high RSS was completed in December 2006. After seven years in-service, a tension crack was observed at the top of the slope. In March 2015 this RSS structure catastrophically collapsed. This RSS structure collapsed in a compound failure mode; as the failure plane passed beneath, partially behind, and partially through the reinforced soil mass. The failure plane beneath the RSS was along a shale-claystone interface. The failure surface partially behind the RSS was along sandstone bedrock with water-seeping bedding planes dipping out of the rock mass. The failure surface through the upper portion of the RSS is where the geogrid reinforcement was overwhelmed by stresses originating from underlying deformation. The RSS collapse occurred after 8.3 years in-service as the shear strength along the shale-claystone interface decreased and approached the fully softened strength. The primary causative factors of this failure are: (i) an insufficient subsurface investigation program and interpretation of data for design and detailing; (ii) insufficient specifications and construction plan details for both foundation preparation and rock backcut benching; (iii) insufficient foundation preparation and rock backcut benching during construction; and (iv) adaptations to the design made during construction.     

Casting methods for the production of rotationally symmetric copper bimetals

ABSTRACT

Multiple-material products are characterised by a complex property profile which is achieved by combining the particular advantages of at least two different materials. Bimetal casting is an energy- and material-efficient technology for the production of multi-metallic objects. This paper describes the development of a semi-continuous casting process for the formation of a rotationally symmetric bimetal with a cohesive bonding character at the interface of a copper–tin alloy (CuSn6) and pure copper (Cu99.5). Initial experiments are conducted by static casting to evaluate the thermal process window. Based on the results of the initial experiments, a vertical semi-continuous compound casting process is developed. A stable cohesive bond between the joining partners is accomplished by forming a solid solution at the interface.

This paper is part of a Thematic Issue on Copper and its Alloys.     

喷丸奥氏体耐热钢抗蒸汽氧化性的研究与使用现状

奥氏体钢内壁喷丸处理作为一种新的提高材料抗蒸汽氧化性的技术，在超超临界火电机组受热面管的使用越来越广泛和成熟。概述了传统奥氏体钢在蒸汽氧化过程中氧化皮的形成结构，材料临界Cr含量 对富Cr层形成的影响，以及氧化皮结构与临界Cr含量 的关系。奥氏体钢内壁喷丸处理提高抗蒸汽氧化性的机理为：喷丸在管子内表面形成一层微米级厚度的喷丸层，喷丸层中晶粒碎化、晶格畸变、位错增多，在蒸汽氧化过程中，为基体内的Cr原子向表面扩散提供短路通道，使喷丸层表面Cr浓度提高，以形成富Cr层，减小氧化速率，提高抗蒸汽氧化性。归纳得出国内外关于喷丸奥氏体钢与传统钢管在600~750 ℃温度范围内，抗蒸汽氧化性的顺序依次为：600~700 ℃温度下，喷丸SUPER304(S30432)>喷丸TP347H≈喷丸TP321H≈TP310HCbN(HR3C)>SUPER304≈TP347HFG>TP304≈TP347H>TP321H；700~750 ℃下，TP310HCbN(HR3C)>喷丸TP347H>喷丸TP321H。同时归纳了喷丸工艺中，各因素对喷丸效果的影响，喷丸层质量的金相和硬度评价方法，以及目前喷丸奥氏体钢的实际应用现状。最后分析了喷丸奥氏体钢关于加工、焊接以及使用寿命等仍需研究解决的问题，展望了喷丸工艺向马氏体钢的推广使用。     

喷丸处理对GH3535合金900℃恒温氧化行为的影响

采用不连续增重法,对喷丸状态与非喷丸状态GH3535合金900℃恒温氧化行为进行了对比研究。结果表明,900℃下,喷丸强度0.45Nmm样品与未喷丸样品相比,氧化增重降低了79.7%。未喷丸GH3535合金表面氧化产物为NiCr2O4，MoO2，NiMoO4，喷丸状态下氧化膜主要由NiO、NiFe2O4、Cr2O3和NiCr2O4组成。喷丸处理后GH3535合金表面产生塑性变形使晶粒细化,位错密度增加,在合金表层塑性变形区域的位错及晶界充当了Cr原子的快速扩散路径,增加了Cr原子扩散通量,促进Cr向表面扩散形成富Cr氧化物,使得Cr2O3层的更快形成,减少了瞬态氧化期。     

喷丸对25CrNi2MoV钢滚动接触疲劳性能的影响

目的提高25CrNi2MoV钢的滚动接触疲劳性能。方法对25CrNi2MoV钢进行表面喷丸处理,并采用3D形貌仪、光学显微镜、显微硬度仪、X射线应力分析仪与滚动接触疲劳试验机等仪器,对试样表面形貌、表面显微组织、显微硬度、表面残余压应力与滚动接触疲劳性能等进行测试分析。结果与未处理试样相比,经喷丸处理后,试样表面形貌由磨削加工槽型向酒窝状的弹坑转变,表面粗糙度增大,表面显微硬度由503HV0.2增大到577HV0.2,增加了14.7%,表面残余压应力由-90.0 MPa增大到-758.0 MPa。当喷丸强度为0.445 mmA时,试样具有最好的滚动接触疲劳寿命,其额定寿命(L10)、中值寿命(L50)、特征寿命(L63.2)分别为4.973×10^6次、6.578×10^6次和6.945×10^6次,分别是未处理试样对应寿命的11.1倍、7.3倍和7.0倍,试样滚动接触疲劳失效形式主要为疲劳剥落。当喷丸强度为0.596 mmA时,试样表面出现微裂纹,导致滚动接触疲劳寿命降低,此时试样疲劳失效形式主要为点蚀与疲劳剥落。未处理试样疲劳失效形式主要为分层。结论喷丸处理能细化试样表层晶粒组织,增大试样表面粗糙度、表面硬度与表面残余压应力。合适强度的喷丸处理可以抑制试样表面与次表面裂纹的萌生与扩展,显著提高滚动接触疲劳性能。     

塔里木盆地塔西南坳陷柯东构造带甫沙4井原油来源及充注过程

甫沙4井位于塔里木盆地塔西南坳陷昆仑山前冲断带的柯东构造带上，北部和东部分别发育有柯克亚和柯东1井油气田。为研究甫沙4井原油来源与充注过程，对原油样品和连续抽提后的含油砂样各组分（游离态、束缚态、包裹体）进行GC、GC?MS和 GC?IRMS分析，与柯克亚凝析油气田油样进行油—油对比。结果表明：甫沙4井晚期充注原油组分具有C_29?32重排藿烷、重排甾烷和Ts相对含量高，C_27?29甾烷ααα 20R分布呈反“L”型，以及正构烷烃单体碳同位素值较低等特征，与柯克亚凝析油气田来源于二叠系普司格组（P_2?3p）烃源岩的主体原油（I类）地球化学特征一致。而早期充注的原油组分具有重排藿烷、重排甾烷和Ts相对含量较低，C_27?29甾烷ααα 20R分布呈“V”型，以及正构烷烃单体碳同位素值较高等特征，与柯克亚凝析油气田来源于中—下侏罗统湖相泥岩的II类原油地球化学特征一致。甫沙4井经历3个阶段成藏过程：①在上新世，二叠系烃源岩于生油晚期阶段生成的I类原油运移至柯克亚构造带或柯东构造带深部形成油藏；②在更新世早期，侏罗系烃源岩于生油早—中期生成的II类原油运移至甫沙4井白垩系储层；③在第四纪，强烈的构造作用使深部I类原油沿断裂调整进入甫沙4井白垩系储层。最终造成甫沙4井白垩系储层II类原油先充注，I类原油后充注的特殊现象。     

Compound surfactant-based emulsion method for the preparation of high-porosity alumina microspheres

Porous alumina microspheres have attracted significant attention owing to their high mechanical strength and excellent chemical and thermal stability. The emulsion method is considered as a simple and controllable method for the preparation of inorganic microspheres. However, preparing alumina microspheres with the emulsion method is challenging because the emulsification of the precursor is inhibited by the rapid hydrolysis of aluminum alkoxide. Herein, we report a new emulsion method for the preparation of high-porosity alumina microspheres using a combination of ionic and non-ionic surfactants; in this method, the compound surfactants act as a template agent to guide aluminum alkoxide to form a lamellar structure through self-assembly. The decomposition of the templating agent and transformation of the alumina crystal at a high temperature result in structural collapse and formation of lamellar pores. Compound surfactants increased the spheroidization rate of the emulsion from 47% to 63% after hydrolysis, whereas the particle size was decreased by almost half. Additionally, the morphology and porosity of the alumina microspheres were changed. With increasing anionic surfactant content, the porosity increased initially and then decreased. The porosity of the alumina microspheres reached a maximum value of 76% at the 1:1 mass ratio of the non-ionic to anionic surfactants. Heat treatment was found to change the size of lamellar pores, with the pore diameter reaching maximum value at 1300 °C. The compound surfactants also increased the compressive stress and specific surface area of the porous alumina microspheres.     

A 6-DOF humanoid wall-climbing robot with flexible adsorption feet based on negative pressure suction

A wide range of dangerous and special tasks have witnessed the applications of wall-climbing robots, but they still cannot adapt well torough or sloping walls. This paper proposes a 6-DOF (degree of freedom) humanoid wall-climbing robot (HWCR) based on the principle of negative pressure suction. HWCR has the advantages of flexible adsorption feet, strong adaptability, strong anti-subversion performance, and high friction to the wall. We deduce mechanics formulas and carry out a parametric design of the foot structure so that it can meet the requirement of robot wall climbing. We use Fluent to analyze the flow field of the adsorption foot and determine the motor speed that can provide a reliable adsorption force. Using the D-H matrix to plan gait, we also design a compound cycloid-based foot trajectory to reduce the impact between the HWCR and the wall. Experiments on the uneven wall and sloping wall show that the vehicle can walk with an ideal gait, and the resistance value of the servo on each joint is much lower than the critical value, which ensures the smooth movement of the HWCR.