Behavior of 316L stainless steel containing corrosion pits under cyclic loading

The environmental performance of 316L grade stainless steel, in the form of tensile specimens containing a single corrosion pit with various aspect ratios, under cyclic loading in aerated chloride solutions is investigated in this study. Results from environmental tests were compared and contrasted with those obtained using finite element analysis (FEA). Fractography of the failed specimens obtained from experiments revealed that fatigue crack initiation took place at the base of the shallow pit. The crack initiation shifted towards the shoulder and the mouth of the pit for pits of increasing depth. This process is well predicted by FEA, as the strain contour maps show that strain is the highest around the centric strip of the pit. However, for shallow pits, local strain is uniformly distributed around that strip but begins to concentrate more towards the shoulder and the mouth region for increasingly deep pits.     

表面粗糙度对涂装铝合金应力腐蚀敏感性的影响

在粗糙度不同的A7N01S-T5铝合金表面上进行涂装处理后,再通过慢应变拉伸试验来获取该铝合金在3.5%Na Cl溶液中的应力-应变曲线,解析这些曲线后得到了表征铝合金应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性的特性指数,并由此得到了粗糙度对涂装A7N01S-T5铝合金SCC敏感性影响的作用规律。     

凝汽器和给水加热器用不锈钢焊管制造质量控制细探(上)——兼评“某国产凝汽器不锈钢焊管耐点蚀性的研究”一文之不足及补正

凝汽器和给水加热器是超超临界电站设备中可采用不锈钢焊管制造的部件。国内虽早已具备此类高档次不锈钢焊管的生产条件,却至今仍难以达到高标准要求而进入国际市场竞争。结合小直径连续不锈钢焊管生产现状探讨了此类焊管制造质量控制要素。介绍了两个冷凝器失效案例,借以指明此类换热器失效泄漏的原因,指出304钢管并非此类应用的理想选择,并讨论了不锈钢焊管制造标准等细节。     

核电结构材料应力腐蚀开裂初始阶段裂尖驱动力的研究

裂尖力学状态是影响核电结构材料应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)扩展速率的主要因素之一。为了搞清SCC不同扩展阶段裂尖驱动力的变化及其对SCC扩展速率的影响,本文建立了SCC扩展不同阶段的有限元模型,详细分析了裂纹初始阶段影响裂尖应力状态的工作载荷、残余应力,以及氧化膜形成过程中产生的膜致应力。结果表明,在SCC裂纹初始阶段,裂尖氧化膜形成所产生的“锲入张力”是SCC的主要驱动力;随着裂纹的扩展,工作载荷和残余应力逐渐成为SCC裂纹扩展的主要驱动力。     

钢管自密实高强混凝土的工程应用研究

在介绍钢管自密实混凝土特点及应用基础上,综述了国内外在钢管自密实混凝土性能方面的数值计算及试验研究进展,并以工程实例对钢管自密实高强混凝土进行了现场模拟试验和分析,采取的高抛自密实混凝土技术方案,较好的满足了设计和施工要求,可为类似采用该技术的工程做参考。     

Stress corrosion cracking in 316L stainless steel bellows of a pressure safety valve

There were three consecutive occurrences of bellows failure in a particular pressure safety valve (PSV) of a petroleum refinery within a time span of one week. The bellows were made of 316L grade austenitic stainless steel, and the PSV was mounted on one of the vessels of vacuum gas oil service in a hydrocracker unit. Metallurgical analysis of the failed bellows revealed that the failure had occurred by stress corrosion cracking (SCC). It was found that the SCC was promoted in the bellows due to the presence of high amount of chloride ions in the operating environment. Studies confirmed that SCC had initiated from the outer surface of the bellows and propagated inwards, resulting in leakage of hydrocarbon from the PSV. The source of chlorine in the environment was identified. It was discovered that SCC in the bellows was caused due to a previous failure in the heavy polynuclear aromatics (HPNA) absorption bed located upstream the process flow line. This failure was due to the presence of high concentrations of chlorine in the granulated activated carbon that was used in the HPNA absorption bed. During the repair of the HPNA bed, there was deposition of carbon soot on the body of the PSV. This carbon soot was the source of chloride ions for SCC to occur in the bellows. Generally, in chloride SCC, crack propagation in 316L SS takes place by transgranular mode. In the present case, however, the crack propagation was predominantly by intergranular mode. The metallurgical factors responsible for this change in micro-mechanism of crack propagation during SCC have been discussed.     

Textural pattern classification for oral squamous cell carcinoma

Despite being an area of cancer with highest worldwide incidence, oral cancer yet remains to be widely researched. Studies on computer‐aided analysis of pathological slides of oral cancer contribute a lot to the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Some researches in this direction have been carried out on oral submucous fibrosis. In this work an approach for analysing abnormality based on textural features present in squamous cell carcinoma histological slides have been considered. Histogram and grey‐level co‐occurrence matrix approaches for extraction of textural features from biopsy images with normal and malignant cells are used here. Further, we have used linear support vector machine classifier for automated diagnosis of the oral cancer, which gives 100% accuracy.     

表面状态对690TT合金腐蚀及应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用扫描电镜、原子力显微镜和表而粗糙度测量仪对具有不同表面状态的690TT合金表面形貌进行了表征与比较。采用零电荷电位测量、动电位扫描和电化学快慢扫描等方法对不同的690TT合金的腐蚀行为进行了比较。结果表明,与机械抛光样品相比较,打磨样品表面起伏较严重,拥有更大的表面粗糙度值;在相同的腐蚀环境中,打磨样品比机械抛光样品表现出更大的腐蚀速度和更高的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性。分析认为,单纯的表面较大粗糙度和残余应变均能够促进690TT合金的腐蚀。实验中打磨690TT样品表现出的较高腐蚀速度和应力腐蚀开裂敏感性是由其较大的表面粗糙度和表面残余应变综合影响结果。     

Metallurgical aspects of corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys

Aluminium is the second most often used metal after steel. In this paper, the most current uses of aluminium alloys are first summarised. Then, their different corrosion modes, i.e. pitting, crevice, filiform, galvanic and structural corrosion (including inter‐granular, exfoliation and stress corrosion cracking) are reviewed, with particular attention paid to metallurgical factors controlling the corrosion process. For each mode, some instances of possible in‐service failure are given, followed by the discussion of the involved mechanisms and the presentation of appropriate solutions to prevent corrosion. Last, passivity and polarisation behaviour are discussed with reference to stainless steels.     

Effect of deteriorated microstructures on stress corrosion cracking of X70 pipeline steel in acidic soil environment

In order to investigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X70 pipeline steel and its weld joint area in acidic soil environ-ment in China, two simulating methods were used: one was to obtain bad microstructures in heat affected zone by annealing at 1300°C for 10 min and then, quenching in water; the other was to get different simulating solutions of acidic soil in Yingtan in south-east China. The SCC susceptibilities of X70 pipeline steel before and after quenching in the simulating solutions were analyzed...