An investigation on the microstructural and electrical properties of La0.85DxSr0.15–xGa0.8Mg0.2O2.825 (D = Ba and Ca) electrolytes in solid oxide fuel cells

La_0.85D_xSr_0.15–xGa_0.8Mg_0.2O_2.825 (D = Ba and Ca, x?=?0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07) electrolytes were synthesized using a solid-state reaction method, calcined at 1400?°C for 5?h, and sintered at 1400?°C for 5?h. The microstructures, electrical properties, and cell performances of the electrolytes and fuel cells were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, impedance analysis, and electrochemical analysis. La_0.85Ba_xSr_0.15–xGa_0.8Mg_0.2O_2.825 (LBSGM) and La_0.85Ca_xSr_0.15–xGa_0.8Mg_0.2O_2.825 (LCSGM) exhibit a dense structure and a cubic perovskite phase. Further, they contain small amounts of a secondary phase. The lattice constants of LBSGM and LCSGM are 0.3913–0.3914?nm and 0.3906–0.3909?nm, respectively. The average grain size of the sample increases with increasing Ba²⁺ or Ca²⁺ content. The conductivity of LCSGM (0.197–0.174?S/cm) is usually higher than that of LBSGM (0.181–0.162?S/cm) at 800?°C. The cells with La_0.85Sr_0.15Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_2.825 and La_0.85Ca_0.03Sr_0.12Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_2.825 electrolytes exhibit high open-circuit voltages and maximum power densities of 0.96?V and 542?mW/cm² and 0.94?V and 567?mW/cm², respectively, at 800?°C.     

土地利用规划的范式转变——基于生态伦理的横断面规划思想的引介

横断面规划的思想源于广阔的区域性议题及可持续发展理念,是应对生态环境问题的一种综合性的规划方法。横断面规划的基础是地理景观,地理景观反映了人与自然的关系,城乡横断面表现了人与自然关系的梯度。基于横断面的形态分类体现了人地关系的刻度,将发展目标转译为某一种形态实质是规定某一种具体的人地关系,是生态伦理价值的具体表现。以横断面分区取代功能分区,把规划调查、分析、设计和开发控制有效地整合在一起,实现了土地利用规划的范式转变。     

Design of short CFRP-reinforced steel tubular columns

This paper presents the design and experimental evaluation of externally bonded carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets for strengthening circular steel tubular short columns. In addition to its ease of handling due to its light weight, the high-strength CFRP sheet can provide a degree of restraint to delay buckling of the thin steel wall. Ten short cold-formed steel circular hollow section (CHS) columns, with externally bonded orthogonal (hoop and longitudinal) CFRP sheets, were tested under axial compression. The experimental results indicate that enhancement of the axial section capacity is possible by fibre-reinforcing the steel tube. The design variables investigated to evaluate the strengthening efficiency include the steel yield strength, the modulus of elasticity of the hoop fibre, and the amount and configuration of the fibre reinforcement. Design curves predicting the section capacity of composite steel-CFRP tubular short columns are calculated based on current design guidelines for steel columns. The results highlight the ease of the use of such curves in the FRP strengthening or retrofitting design of tubular columns for section capacity enhancement.     

加大截面法单面加固钢筋混凝土柱受力性能研究

本文以加大截面法单面加固矩形截面混凝土短柱的试验结果为基础 ,分析了荷载偏心距、初始应力水平等因素对加固柱受力性能的影响。其结果可为合理地进行柱的加固设计提供依据。     

冷弯薄壁型钢构件的直接强度设计法

受压或受弯的冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢有板件局部屈曲，截面畸变屈曲和整体弯曲屈曲或弯扭屈曲三种模式。本文着重介绍板件的相关屈曲和计算截面畸变屈曲应力的方法并阐述了三种屈曲模式之间的相关关系。指出用传统的有效截面设计法计算受压和受弯冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢承载力的弊端，较详细地说明了用构件全截面计算的直接强度设计法。     

小截面静压预制桩的设计及适用范围

本文通过一个典型的工程实例,分析了小截面静压预制桩的设计要点、适用范围以及它在厦门推广过程中应注意的问题。     

金属厚壁管的旋转疲劳弯曲精密下料的研究

针对金属厚管料的下料问题,以自行研发的旋转疲劳弯曲精密下料机为平台,研究了精密下料过程中不同外载荷方式下304不锈钢管的断面质量情况。利用径向循环外载荷管料表面V型槽的应力集中效应,通过控制不同阶段施加给管料的弯曲疲劳外载荷频率值,实现了304不锈钢管的精密下料。通过对实验所加外载频率曲线的设计,进行304不锈钢管的精密下料实验,得出了下料过程中理想的外载频率曲线——即低频启动高频起裂和裂纹扩展最后再低频断料,用此加载方式获得了良好质量的管料断面,在理想外载频率曲线的基础上研究了不同壁厚管料的下料断面质量情况,并对其断面质量进行了测量和评价。实验结果表明,在文中所提下料工艺的基础上使用所提的外载频率曲线针对不同壁厚的304管料下料均能得到比较好的断面质量。     

复杂岩性有效储层地震预测技术——以B气田大安寨段一亚段气藏为例

根据B气田取心资料、野外露头、钻录井资料以及前人研究成果发现,B气田大安寨段一亚段发育滨湖、浅湖沉积亚相,储层主要为浅湖亚相介壳滩微相,储层岩性复杂,为特低孔、低渗的孔隙型储层。如何从致密复杂的岩性中识别出有效储层是研究的重点。文中运用以沉积相为指导,测井分析为基础,"相控"+"储控"为核心,地震多参数反演为主要手段的储层综合预测技术,预测了B气田大安寨段一亚段储层的展布特征、有效储层厚度及孔隙度。由此形成了一套致密复杂岩性有效储层地震预测技术序列。该技术经钻井证实,应用效果良好,为勘探部署提供了技术支撑。     

罕遇地震作用下高架桥抗震性能评估与加固

为了评估罕遇地震作用下高架桥的抗震性能,提出了一套抗震性能评估流程并对一座在役高架桥进行评估。首先建立了高架桥非线性动力时程分析模型;然后进行了模态分析,在综合考虑了有效质量系数和振型图后,选取了用于计算Rayleigh系数的参考振型;最后对动力时程分析结果中各墩的弯曲变形能力和抗剪强度进行评估,并根据评估结果提出了加固方法。结果发现:罕遇地震作用下,各墩变形能力沿横桥向均能满足需求;但在顺桥向上,部分墩的塑性铰区变形能力不足,且各墩的非塑性区均存在变形能力不足的截面。各墩抗剪强度沿顺、横桥向均能满足需求。采用增大截面法对各墩进行加固,首先制定了增大截面内的混凝土和钢筋配置方案,然后确定了能够同时满足各墩沿顺桥向的变形能力和经济性的最优加固高度,为高架桥抗震性能评估和加固工程提供一定的借鉴。     

Regulating existing power plants under the U.S. Clean Air Act: Present and future consequences of key design choices

In June 2014, the U.S. EPA released its proposed rules to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from existing fossil fuel power plants, triggering considerable debate on the proposal’s design and its environmental and economic consequences. One question not addressed by this debate is this: What if the EPA regulations turn out to be inadequate to address future mitigation goals? That is, what will the landscape for future policies look like if these regulations turn out to be just an interim measure? This analysis compares potential short- and long-term consequences of several key regulatory design choices, including mass-based versus rate-based standards, tradable versus non-tradable standards, and differentiated versus single standards. It finds that long-term consequences may be significant in terms of the legacy they leave for future policy revisions: tradable standards lead to lower electricity prices and become weaker over time; differentiated tradable standards lead to relatively greater investment in coal retrofits; non-tradable standards lead to relatively greater retirement of coal capacity. It may be the case that key policy choices entail one set of trade-offs if proposed EPA rules are viewed as relatively permanent and final and another set of tradeoffs if the rules are viewed as an interim solution.