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Metastasis to the bone is a common feature of many cancers including those of the breast, prostate, lung, thyroid and kidney. Once tumors metastasize to the bone, they are essentially incurable. Bone metastasis is a complex process involving not only intravasation of tumor cells from the primary tumor into circulation, but extravasation from circulation into the bone where they meet an environment that is generally suppressive of their growth. The bone microenvironment can inhibit the growth of disseminated tumor cells (DTC) by inducing dormancy of the DTC directly and later on following formation of a micrometastatic tumour mass by inhibiting metastatic processes including angiogenesis, bone remodeling and immunosuppressive cell functions. In this review we will highlight some of the mechanisms mediating DTC dormancy and the complex relationships which occur between tumor cells and bone resident cells in the bone metastatic microenvironment. These inter-cellular interactions may be important targets to consider for development of novel effective therapies for the prevention or treatment of bone metastases. 相似文献
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Polylactide (PLA) has been melt spun to produce multifilament continuous yarns. The thermal characteristics of PLA filaments have been investigated using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). With MDSC, it is possible to separate the different thermal events and to analyze them more precisely. The influence of hot drawing on thermal properties of PLA filaments has been studied. Hot drawing promotes an increase of glass transition temperature (Tg) and a decrease of heat capacity. The cold crystallization spreads on a larger range of temperature and the peak occurs at a lower temperature. The initial degrees of cristallinity of PLA filaments have been calculated thanks to the reversing and non reversing curves of MDSC. Tensile properties of PLA filaments are also investigated. 相似文献
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The agglomeration phenomenon of amorphous particulate material is a major problem in the food industry. Currently, the glass transition temperature (Tg) is used as a fundamental parameter to describe and control agglomeration. Models are available that describe the kinetics of the agglomeration process as a function of the distance of the material from Tg (i.e. T − Tg). In practice these models are often not applied because they assume that the powder material is instantly in equilibrium with the humidity conditions of the environment and that solid mobility only occurs at T > Tg. Insights in the kinetics and mechanisms of water transport in powder material can help to better understand and control powder agglomeration. For this purpose, gravimetric step-change water sorption experiments were performed on maltodextrins as a function of the water activity aw. The maltodextrins vary in dextrose equivalents (DE), particle size and morphology. The experimental results were compared with a Fickian diffusion model in order to understand the dependency of the transport mechanism on water concentration gradient and material relaxation. The water transport kinetics in the maltodextrins with low DE (i.e. 6) were well described by Fickian diffusion for low aw, independently of particle size and morphology, until relaxation phenomena started to occur at an aw corresponding to T − Tg = −20 °C. The importance of the matrix relaxation phenomena on the water transport mechanism increased with increasing DE (i.e. 29 and 32), not showing any relationship with the Tg. The results of this study indicate that the water migration mechanism is controlled by relaxation phenomena when the amorphous material is still far from the glass–rubber transition. The T − Tg at which the relaxation phenomena occur depends on the material. On the contrary, the T − Tg parameter could well describe the onset of agglomeration, independently from the material properties. Therefore, it can be concluded that within the conditions of this study, matrix relaxation occurring far below Tg did not affect the onset of agglomeration. 相似文献
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Ekaterina I. Lesnova Olga V. Masalova Kristina Yu. Permyakova Vyacheslav V. Kozlov Tatyana N. Nikolaeva Alexander V. Pronin Vladimir T. Valuev-Elliston Alexander V. Ivanov Alla A. Kushch 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(13)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main triggers of chronic liver disease. Despite tremendous progress in the HCV field, there is still no vaccine against this virus. Potential vaccines can be based on its recombinant proteins. To increase the humoral and, especially, cellular immune response to them, more effective adjuvants are needed. Here, we evaluated a panel of compounds as potential adjuvants using the HCV NS5B protein as an immunogen. These compounds included inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis and urea cycle, the mTOR pathway, antioxidants, and cellular receptors. A pronounced stimulation of cell proliferation and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion in response to concanavalin A was shown for antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor 2-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), and TLR9 agonist CpG ODN 1826 (CpG). Their usage during the immunization of mice with the recombinant NS5B protein significantly increased antibody titers, enhanced lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ production. NAC and CpG decreased relative Treg numbers; CpG increased the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), whereas neither NAC nor DFMO affected MDSC counts. NAC and DFMO suppressed NO and interleukin 10 (IL-10) production by splenocytes, while DFMO increased the levels of IL-12. This is the first evidence of immunomodulatory activity of NAC and DFMO during prophylactic immunization against infectious diseases. 相似文献
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A new and modified spray drying setup was arranged to produce spray-dried crystalline lactose particles. According to Williams–Landel–Ferry kinetics (WLF), it was suggested that a higher particle temperature and lower glass-transition temperature would increase the crystallization rate of the particles during the spray-drying process while still giving dry powders. The new experimental setup allowed the particle temperature to reach higher values by using an insulated drying chamber and also allowed the particle glass-transition temperature to reach lower values by maintaining a higher gas humidity with the aid of a condenser unit attached to the dryer. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and moisture-induced sorption analysis were used to verify the crystallinity of the spray-dried lactose powders. These analyses showed a higher degree of crystallinity for the particles than have previously been reported in the literature. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic analyses were further used to identify different lactose anomers. The results suggest that only α-lactose anomer exists in the products as obtained from the modified spray-drying system. The micrographs from scanning electron microscopic analysis also indicated a very crystalline nature for the particles. 相似文献
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多媒体及Internet的迅速发展促使视频编码不仅要有较好的容错性能,而且要根据网络带宽和接收设备的特性而自适应地进行调整和传输。多描述编码可以提高视频传输的容错性能但不具有网络自适应性;可分级编码能够根据网络带宽和接收设备的特性而自适应地进行调整和传输但不具有容错性能。综合了多描述编码和可分级编码优势的多描述可分级编码,则不但具有网络带宽的自适应性,同时具有很好的容错性能。在分析了多描述编码和可分级编码的各自局限性的基础上,重点介绍了多描述可分级编码的产生和几种实现策略。 相似文献