Synthesis and Properties of New Cleavable Cationic Surfactants Containing Carbonate Groups

A novel series of cleavable alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants with different hydrocarbon chain lengths (C8–16) were synthesized. A carbonate break site inserted between the polar head and the hydrocarbon chain makes these compounds hydrolyzable. The reagents used are renewable, (bio)degradable, or reusable. The hydrolysis of these cleavable surfactants will lead to the generation of fatty alcohols and choline, which is an essential biological nutrient. The surface activities in aqueous solution of the synthesized carbonates fulfill the requirement of being good surfactants. In addition, the cleavable compounds containing n-decyl and n-dodecyl chains showed similar or higher antimicrobial activities when compared to a non-cleavable analog.     

Metallocene QACs: The Incorporation of Ferrocene Moieties into monoQAC and bisQAC Structures

Inspired by the incorporation of metallocene functionalities into a variety of bioactive structures, particularly antimicrobial peptides, we endeavored to broaden the structural variety of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) by the incorporation of the ferrocene moiety. Accordingly, 23 ferrocene-containing mono- and bisQACs were prepared in high yields and tested for activity against a variety of bacteria, including Gram-negative strains and a panel of clinically isolated MRSA strains. Ferrocene QACs were shown to be effective antiseptics with some displaying single-digit micromolar activity against all bacteria tested, demonstrating yet another step in the expansion of structural variety of antiseptic QACs.     

Nitrogen Removal Performance of Denitrifying Ammonium Oxidation System in Treating Sulfamethoxazole-laden Secondary Wastewater Effluent

In this study,nitrogen removal performance of the denitrifying ammonium oxidation(DAO)process was investigated when treating sulfamethoxazole(SMX)-laden secondary wastewater effluent.The influent SMX concentration showed negligible effect on efficiencies for removal of nitrate and COD.However,the ammonium ions removal rate was moderately reduced,when the influent SMX concentration in wastewater reached 6 mg/L.Total nitrogen removal efficiency remained as high as 76.77%towards the day 158 at the end of experiment.Candidatus_Brocadia and Candidatus_Kuenenia were the functional anammox strains.The unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceae sp.was predominant heterotrophic denitrifying strain in the studied reactor.The concentrations of soluble extracellular polymeric substances in sludge obviously increased from 16.76 mg/g VSS to 32.31 mg/g VSS,which might protect the nitrogen removal strains from high-concentration SMX.This result provides a theoretical and technical foundation for the application of denitrifying ammonium oxidation process in treating sulfamethoxazole-laden secondary wastewater effluent.     

植酸的铵化及其对Lyocell织物的阻燃整理

为提高Lyocell织物的阻燃效果,对天然磷化物植酸进行铵化改性,并以双氰胺为催化剂应用于Lyocell织物的阻燃整理。利用傅里叶红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪,测定了阻燃整理Lyocell织物的特征红外吸收、表面形貌以及热稳定性能。对阻燃织物进行了垂直燃烧实验,测定了织物的燃烧性能,并对整理织物的耐洗性进行了测试。结果表明:与未整理Lyocell织物相比,阻燃整理后织物的吸热降解质量损失率下降了20.11%,800 ℃ 时热解残炭量提高了27.98%,垂直燃烧的损毁长度下降至3.4 cm;极限氧指数高达36.6%,达到难燃的级别;且阻燃织物经20次标准洗涤后,仍能达到国家B2标准。     

Remediation of oil spill polluted water from Niger Delta Nigeria by sorption onto ammonium sulfate modified Dialium guineense seed husk

The abstraction of crude oil molecules from aqueous solution (produced water) and from real petroleum polluted water (collected from River State, Nigeria) by Dialium guineense Seed Husk (DGSH) and its ammonium sulfate functionalized form (AS-DGSH) was studied using a batch technique. The sorbents were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), BET surface area analysis and the Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Crude oil characterization revealed a light crude oil based on the API gravity of 35.6⁰. The Langmuir and Freundlich models gave good fits for crude oil sorption on DGSH and AS-DGSH respectively. The sorbents were found to remove over 50% of crude oil from the real polluted water at the natural pH of 6.1 and showed increase in removal with increase in sorbent dose. The potential of DGSH and its ammonium sulfate modified derivative as effective low cost sorbents for oil spill treatment was established.     

Utilization of coordinating green solvents for high quality methylammonium bismuth iodide thin films for photovoltaic applications

Photovoltaic performances of the bismuth-based solar cells are profoundly affected by the thin film quality of the photoactive layer. Herein, we report on various green solvent system to obtain the highly crystalline, pinhole free and homogeneously methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI) active layer. The MBI structure prepared with tetrahydrofuran:2-ethoxy-ethanol (THF-2ETO) solvent system was found to have the best film quality. Adding 0.05 M 2ETO as the co-solvent is sufficient to produce high quality BiI₃ and MBI thin films. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyzes, we have demonstrated that there is an interaction between BiI₃ and 2ETO according to the concentration of 2ETO added to the main THF. Our study clarifies the importance of THF-2ETO solvent system that can accelerate the evolution of the Bi-based solar cells by creating high-quality BiI₃ or MBI thin films.     

牦牛绒过氧化氢/过硫酸铵脱色体系工艺优化及其机制

针对现有商业化牦牛绒脱色过程复杂、脱色时间长等问题,提出新型过氧化氢/过硫酸铵体系牦牛绒脱色工艺。在尽可能提高纤维白度的前提下尽量减少纤维损伤,通过单因素试验确定了脱色时间、过硫酸铵用量和试剂pH值,对脱色工艺进行探讨并与商业化脱色牦牛绒进行比较。结果表明:采用过硫酸铵质量浓度为400 g/L,试剂pH值为9,在室温下脱色为180 min可达到商业脱色牦牛绒的效果,脱色时间节省至原来的1/8;脱色机制分析发现,脱色过程中硫酸根自由基起主要作用,羟基自由基起次要作用。该脱色工艺简单,为牦牛绒高值化利用提供了新的解决方案。     

工业硝酸铵添加剂对乳胶基质的影响

为了改善工业硝酸铵的吸湿结块性能,通常会加入添加剂(有机包覆剂或无机改性剂),而工业硝酸铵作为乳化炸药的主要原料,其添加剂对乳化炸药的制备和性能会产生影响。因此,分别对采用有机包覆剂蜡的泰国产工业硝酸铵和采用无机改性剂的俄罗斯产工业硝酸铵,开展了制备现场散装乳胶基质的工业试验。结果表明:两类工业硝酸铵均可作为乳化炸药原材料使用,但有机包覆剂会沉入水相罐底部或粘附在输送管道内壁,对水相和乳胶基质制备造成不利影响,因此需要在水相制备环节分离去除包覆剂蜡;硝酸镁、硝酸钙等无机改性剂对乳胶基质制备无影响,但生产的乳胶基质稳定性较差,通过调整乳化剂的种类和配比以及乳化器的转速可得到一定改进。     

FexCo1−x-doped titanium oxide nanotubes as effective photocatalysts for hydrogen extraction from ammonium phosphate

Theoretically, tri-ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄ embeds considerable amount of hydrogen. Typically, the expected hydrogen release from this cheap and stable material is 73.83 mmol/g_salt if a proper catalyst is exploited in the hydrolysis reaction. In this study Fe_xCo_1?x-doped titanium oxide nanotubes are introduced as an efficient photocatalyst under solar radiation. The introduced modified titanium oxide nanotubes have been prepared in two successive steps. First, Na-doped TiO₂ nanotubes were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment in presence of 10 N NaOH solution at 160 °C for 16 h. Then, doping by the proposed metals was carried out by ion exchange process in a microwave oven. X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the success of the doping process and the nanotubular morphology, respectively. Study the photo characteristics indicated that the proposed metal doping shifted the band gap from UV to the visible light region as the estimated band gap energies for the as-prepared and doped nanotubes were 3.4 and 2.1 eV, respectively. Moreover, distinct enhancement for the visible light absorption capacity was observed. Accordingly, a distinguished improvement in the photocatalytic activity toward tri-ammonium phosphate hydrolysis was observed. However, the two metals content has a strong influence on the amount of the obtained hydrogen per gram of tri-ammonium phosphate salt. Numerically, the maximum obtained hydrogen was 4.0, 11.2, 11.2, 11.6, 13.4, 16.5, 17.4, 13.4 and 9.8 mmol/g_salt for the pristine TiO₂, and Fe_xCo_1?x-doped TiO₂ with x = 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.0, respectively.     

高氯酸铵含量对高铝富燃料推进剂中重要组分高氯酸铵/铝 一次燃烧性能和铝粉团聚的影响

采用CO2激光点火装置联合高速摄影系统及扫描电子显微镜等凝聚相燃烧产物分析技术，研究了高氯酸铵(AP)含量对高Al富燃料推进剂中重要组分AP/Al一次燃烧过程中燃烧现象、引燃时间、燃烧扩散时间、燃尽时间、燃烧效率、颗粒团聚及凝聚相燃烧产物的表面形貌、粒径及其分布的影响。结果表明，各AP/Al混合粉体的燃烧过程均可分为表面引燃、燃烧扩散和火焰熄灭3个阶段，但各样品在不同燃烧阶段的燃烧现象存在明显差异。AP含量由10wt%增至30wt%，样品燃烧剧烈程度增强，燃烧过程中固相颗粒的溅射现象越加明显；在火焰熄灭阶段，各样品燃烧由以停留在样品燃面处的燃烧为主逐渐变为以溅射颗粒的燃烧为主，且随反应进行，燃面已燃固相颗粒最先熄灭，各样品表面引燃时间、燃烧扩散时间、燃烧持续时间均缩短，即燃烧反应速率逐渐加快。在AP/Al混合物中，铝粉的燃烧效率、凝聚相燃烧产物粒度及其团聚程度随AP含量增加而增加。