Design Principles for Cationic,Astrocyte-Targeted Probes

The brain's astrocytes play key roles in normal and pathological brain processes. Targeting small molecules to astrocytes in the presence of the many other cell types in the brain will provide useful tools for their visualization and manipulation. Herein, we explore the functional consequences of synthetic modifications to a recently described astrocyte marker composed of a bright rhodamine-based fluorophore and an astrocyte-targeting moiety. We altered the nature of the targeting moiety to probe the dependence of astrocyte targeting on hydrophobicity, charge, and pK_a when exposed to astrocytes and neurons isolated from the mouse cortex. We found that an overall molecular charge of +2 and a targeting moiety with a heterocyclic aromatic amine are important requirements for specific and robust astrocyte labeling. These results provide a basis for engineering astrocyte-targeted molecular tools with unique properties, including metabolite sensing or optogenetic control.     

孪尾疏水单体改性聚丙烯酰胺的合成及性能表征

以十二烷基磺酸钠胶束溶液为表面活性剂,将孪尾疏水单体N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺增溶其中,再以过硫酸钾为引发剂,与丙烯酰胺和丙烯酸钠通过胶束共聚法制备了疏水改性聚丙烯酰胺(HMPAM)。利用FTIR、1H NMR、TG、荧光光谱和流变测试等方法表征了HMPAM的结构,并研究了其水溶液的流变性能。表征结果显示,HMPAM中存在孪尾的乙基结构,热稳定性较好。实验结果表明,当HMPAM含量低于0.5 g/L时,其对溶液极性影响不大;当HMPAM含量高于0.5 g/L时,溶液极性降低。HMPAM溶液为非牛顿流体,随HMPAM含量的增大,聚合物的孪尾基团发生缔合作用的几率增大,溶液表观黏度增大。HMPAM具有较好的触变性和耐温性能。     

适用于“一步酸溶法”生产氧化铝工艺中稀释料浆的高分子絮凝剂的合成

为达到"一步酸溶法"生产氧化铝工艺中稀释料浆在高温、高酸度工况下进行固液高效分离的目的,以丙烯酰胺(AM)与阳离子(DMDAAC)为共聚单体,通过水溶液聚合法合成了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)絮凝剂。以转化率和相对分子质量为目标,通过单因素分析法确定了最优的合成工艺条件,即反应温度30℃,单体总质量分数为30%,阳离子度5%,K2S2O8和NaHSO3质量分数均为0.005%,2,2′-偶氮二(2-脒基丙烷盐酸盐)(V50)质量分数为0.0025%,乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)质量分数为0.05%的条件下,反应时间为6 h,获得相对分子质量为1.2×107溶解性能较好的阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)。     

一种油田清水剂的合成及应用研究

合成了一种阳离子型清水剂,并对其结构进行了红外谱图、核磁共振谱图表征分析,结果表明该产品与目标产物结构一致。在南海某油田对其净水性能做了现场瓶试试验,在投加量为14 mg/L时,其净水效果良好,下层水中含油质量浓度为79 mg/L。在和多种清水剂的对比试验中发现,该产品的处理效果优于其他几种药剂。     

Anionic Redox Chemistry as a Clue for Understanding the Structural Behavior in Layered Cathode Materials

The anionic redox chemistries of layered cathode materials have been in focus recently due to an intriguing phenomenon that cannot be described by the number of electrons of transition metal ions. However, even though several studies have investigated the anionic redox chemistry of layered materials in terms of the charge compensation, the relationship between the origin of the structural behavior and anionic redox chemistry in layered materials remains poorly understood. In addition, a simultaneous redox process of transition metal ions could occur through the d bands interaction. Here, it is demonstrated that the anionic redox chemistry is associated with the anisotropic structural behavior of the layered cathode materials albeit without providing additional capacities exceeding the theoretical values. These findings will provide a foundation of a new chapter in the understanding of the properties of materials.     

Double-Headed Cationic Lipopeptides: An Emerging Class of Antimicrobials

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute a promising tool in the development of novel therapeutic agents useful in a wide range of bacterial and fungal infections. Among the modifications improving pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of natural AMPs, an important role is played by lipidation. This study focuses on the newly designed and synthesized lipopeptides containing multiple Lys residues or their shorter homologues with palmitic acid (C₁₆) attached to the side chain of a residue located in the center of the peptide sequence. The approach resulted in the development of lipopeptides representing a model of surfactants with two polar headgroups. The aim of this study is to explain how variations in the length of the peptide chain or the hydrocarbon side chain of an amino acid residue modified with C₁₆, affect biological functions of lipopeptides, their self-assembling propensity, and their mode of action.     

A Multiscale-Porous Anion Exchange Membrane for Convenient and Scalable Electrokinetic Concentration of Cationic Species

A device able to electrokinetically concentrate cationic samples has many potential medical and industrial applications, but until now has remained undeveloped due to the lack of a commercial anion-permselective material leading to a prohibitively complex fabrication procedure. Herein, a novel multiscale-porous anion exchange membrane (MP-AEM) that enables the convenient and scalable electrokinetic concentration of cationic species is proposed. A mechanically enhanced multiscale-porous structure with a solid framework is realized by adopting polyester resin as an additive to overcome the intrinsic limitations of the AEM material. The scalable MP-AEM-embedded electrokinetic concentrator is devised based on the peculiar properties of the MP-AEM that for allow both ion and fluid transport. With the MP-AEM, the concentrator is fabricated in a highly streamlined manner consisting only of a simple insertion and assembly. The concentration performance of the MP-AEM-embedded electrokinetic concentrator is demonstrated with a positively charged fluorescent dye and a fluorescein-labeled protein, and the results show enrichment factors of 250 and 500, respectively. The MP-AEM makes cationic electrokinetic concentration more accessible and scalable, thereby enabling further progress in a wide range of fields.     

聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的合成方法及进展

介绍聚丙烯酰胺合成的现状 ,对比各种聚丙烯酰胺合成方法的优缺点 ,提出了合成聚丙烯酰胺的新方法和新趋势。