Effects of injection parameters on propagation patterns of hydrogen-fueled rotating detonation waves

Two-dimensional rotating detonation waves (RDWs) with separate injections of hydrogen and air are simulated using the Navier–Stokes equations together with a detailed chemical mechanism. The effects of injection stagnation temperature and slot width on the detonation propagation patterns are investigated. Results find that extremely high temperatures can lead to a chaotic mode in which detonation waves are generated and extinguished randomly. Increasing the slot width can reduce the number of detonation waves and finally trigger detonation quenching at a low injection stagnation temperature. But increasing the slot width can change the RDW propagation pattern from a chaotic to a stable mode under high injection temperature. Furthermore, the kinetic parameter τ (representing the chemical reactivity of the mixture) and the kinematic parameter α (representing the mixing efficiency of hydrogen and oxygen) are introduced to distinguish the RDW propagation patterns.     

Flow distribution and mass removal in floating treatment wetlands arranged in series and spanning the channel width

Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) use plants’ roots for water quality improvement. The plants are supported by a buoyant structure deployed at the water surface. The roots form a porous zone beneath the structure and remove pollutants carried in suspension through filtering, absorption and uptake. This paper used CFD simulation to model FTWs arranged in series and spanning the channel width and to study the effects of root length and spacing between FTWs on flow distribution and mass removal. The root zone was modelled as a porous media, and removal was computed using first-order decay, for which a range of removal constants was tested. Longer roots increased the reactive volume of the root zone, which increased the fraction of pollutant inflow entering the FTWs. Increasing the distance between FTWs allowed greater mixing between water that went through and beneath the upstream FTW. This increased the concentration entering each FTW, which enhanced mass removal per FTW. However, a larger distance between FTWs reduced the number of FTWs in the channel, reducing the reactive volume. In the tradeoff between mixing and reactive volume, the reactive volume was more important, such that total removal in the channel increased with longer roots and more units of FTW (shorter gap distance). However, removing the gap entirely was detrimental, as FTWs in series removed more mass than a continuous FTW of same volume. This study points to two design recommendations for FTWs in series. First, if resources for building FTWs are not limiting, but the channel length is, it is preferable to prioritize higher reactive volume (shorter gap distance) to achieve maximum removal per channel length. Second, if resources for FTWs are limiting, but channel length is not, it is better to place the FTWs with a longer gap distance, preferably along enough to allow mixing over the full depth between FTWs, as this will achieve maximum removal per FTW.     

两种混合单元混合机理的数值模拟

为了研究SV型和SX型混合单元在全静态乳化器的混合机理,使用群体平衡模型对乳化器内部流场进行模拟分析。结果表明,SV型与SX型混合单元的混合机理是油相与水相材料通过混合单元时其空间流动方向改变,在流场内形成大量的漩涡,从而达到乳化的目的;通过比较流体在经过SV型和SX型混合单元后的水相索特平均直径(d_(32)),得出SV型混合单元的乳化效果更强,但同时消耗更多的能量,压降更大。     

Experimental study and numerical modeling of mixing by air injection in yield stress fluids using the OpenFOAM software

Mixing by gas injection is an operation used in industrial processes such as wastewater treatment, metallurgy, or methanization in which pressurized gas is injected into a fluid in order to reduce concentrations and temperatures gradients. This study demonstrates how the CFD toolbox OpenFOAM can be used to simulate such flows. Experimental measurements and observations have been performed on a pilot-scale reactor where pressurized air is injected in a yield stress fluid. The volume of fluid method and an adaptive mesh with refinement at the interface have been used to track the gas inclusions. The numerical model accuracy has been assessed by comparing experimental and numerical results related to the bubble's frequency, dimensions, and rising velocities as well as the fluid recirculation, yielded, and unyielded regions in the tank. The influence of injection parameters such as the injection flow rate and the fluid rheological parameters has been quantified.     

Evidence of fluid evolution of Baoshan Cu−Pb−Zn polymetallic deposit: Constraints from in-situ sulfur isotope and trace element compositions of pyrite

In-situ LA-ICP-MS and S isotopes of pyrite from the Baoshan Cu polymetallic deposit were conducted to investigate the ore-forming process and the enrichment mechanism of elements. Three generations of pyrite (Py I, Py II, and Py III) in the skarn-type ores and pyrite in the carbonate-hosted sulfide ores from central, western, and northern (C_Py, W_Py, and N_Py) mining districts are selected for comparison. Compared with Py I and Py III, the contents of most elements in Py II are apparently higher. The As and Se contents are high within a wide range and are decoupled in the growth band of the C_Py. The highest As, Se, and Pb contents were found in W_Py and N_Py. These results indicate the drastic changes in the temperature and fluid mixing during the mineralization. The occurrence of fluctuation and change in temperature and f(O₂) was triggered by intermittent pulses of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, mixing with meteoric water, and water−rock interactions. The sulfur isotopes of all species of pyrite indicated the magmatic source. The change in the f(O₂) conditions caused slight differences in the sulfur isotope compositions. Consequently, a metallogenic model was proposed to explain the ore-forming processes.     

混炼方式对螺旋纳米碳纤维增强天然橡胶复合材料力学性能的影响

采用干法和湿法两种混炼工艺制备了螺旋纳米碳纤维(HCNFs)/炭黑(CB)/天然橡胶(NR)复合材料,通过扫描电镜、拉伸试验机和应变扫描仪分别对所制备复合材料的界面形貌、力学性能和Payne效应进行了测试分析,考察了混炼方式对复合材料宏观力学性能及Payne效应的影响。结果表明,与纯CB填料相比,在干湿两种混炼方式下,添加适量的HCNFs(1～6份)能提高HCNFs/CB/NR复合材料的300%定伸应力、扯断伸长率、拉伸强度和硬度。与干法混炼相比,湿法混炼能明显增强HCNFs/CB/NR复合材料的Payne效应,并提升在HCNFs高添加量(2～6份)条件下的拉伸强度和扯断伸长率,这主要源于湿法混炼能够有效改善HCNFs在橡胶基质中的分散性。     

Development of the method of production of the ultrafine macrohomogeneous composite powder

ABSTRACT

A method of ultrafine macro-homogeneous composite powder – B₄C–ZrO₂ production using a planetary mill was developed. From the macro-homogeneous composite high-density ceramics, B₄C–ZrB₂ was produced by the method of reactive sintering (in situ) at 2000°C under the pressure of 41–42?MPa. The effect of ZrO₂ grain size and of its distribution in the matrix on the consolidation parameters, and the microstructure of the obtained ceramics was studied.     

软土地基的真空预压+水载法处理施工技术

结合横琴国际商务中心(二期)项目中的软土地基处理实践,介绍了真空预压+水载法施工技术。从真空预压加速固结、设置水泥土搅拌桩形成密封墙等方面出发,对关键工艺进行了阐述。真空预压+水载法施工技术实施后,项目取得了良好的社会效益和经济效益,可供相关工程参考。     

Poly(lactide)/cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites by high-shear mixing

There is currently considerable interest in developing stiff, strong, tough, and heat resistant poly(lactide) (PLA) based materials with improved melt elasticity in response to the increasing demand for sustainable plastics. However, simultaneous optimization of stiffness, strength, and toughness is a challenge for any material, and commercial PLA is well-known to be inherently brittle and temperature-sensitive and to show poor melt elasticity. In this study, we report that high-shear mixing with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) leads to significant improvements in the toughness, heat resistance, and melt elasticity of PLA while further enhancing its already outstanding room temperature stiffness and strength. This is evidenced by (i) one-fold increase in the elastic modulus (6.48 GPa), (ii) 43% increase in the tensile strength (87.1 MPa), (iii) one-fold increase in the strain at break (∼6%), (iv) two-fold increase in the impact strength (44.2 kJ/m²), (v) 113-fold increase in the storage modulus at 90°C (787.8 MPa), and (vi) 10³-fold increase in the melt elasticity at 190°C and 1 rad/s (∼10⁵ Pa) via the addition of 30 wt% CNC. It is hence possible to produce industrially viable, stiff, strong, tough, and heat resistant green materials with improved melt elasticity through high-shear mixing.