Bimodal activated carbons derived from resorcinol-formaldehyde cryogels

Abstract

Resorcinol-formaldehyde cryogels prepared at different dilution ratios have been activated with phosphoric acid at 450 °C and compared with their carbonaceous counterparts obtained by pyrolysis at 900 °C. Whereas the latter were, as expected, highly mesoporous carbons, the former cryogels had very different pore textures. Highly diluted cryogels allowed preparation of microporous materials with high surface areas, but activation of initially dense cryogels led to almost non-porous carbons, with much lower surface areas than those obtained by pyrolysis. The optimal acid concentration for activation, corresponding to stoichiometry between molecules of acid and hydroxyl groups, was 2 M l^?1, and the acid–cryogel contact time also had an optimal value. Such optimization allowed us to achieve surface areas and micropore volumes among the highest ever obtained by activation with H₃PO₄, close to 2200 m² g^?1 and 0.7 cm³ g^?1, respectively. Activation of diluted cryogels with a lower acid concentration of 1.2 M l^?1 led to authentic bimodal activated carbons, having a surface area as high as 1780 m² g^?1 and 0.6 cm³ g^?1 of microporous volume easily accessible through a widely developed macroporosity.     

One-dimensional ZnO nanorods doped with neodymium for enhanced resorcinol degradation under sunlight irradiation

Neodymium-doped ZnO nanorods (Nd/ZNRs) were prepared for the first time by a simple and surfactant-free solvothermal route. The synthesized samples were characterized using different instrumental techniques. The photoluminescence results showed that the Nd(2.0 at%)/ZNRs exhibited the highest separation rate of charge carriers and the highest formation rate of hydroxyl radicals. The photocatalytic activities of synthesized samples were investigated toward the degradation of endocrine disrupting chemical resorcinol under natural sunlight irradiation. Among the samples, Nd(2.0 at%)/ZNRs showed considerable improvement in the photocatalytic activity for the resorcinol degradation as compared to ZNRs and commercial TiO₂. Kinetic studies revealed that the photocatalytic degradation of resorcinol obeyed pseudo-first-order kinetic. The high-performance liquid chromatography and total organic carbon analyses also demonstrated the progressive mineralization of resorcinol into carbon dioxide and water. Furthermore, high stability of Nd/ZNRs in photocatalytic reaction also demonstrated promising potential toward practical applications in purifying environmental pollutants.     

A review of the antioxidant potential of medicinal plant species

Some researchers suggest that two-thirds of the world's plant species have medicinal value; in particular, many medicinal plants have great antioxidant potential. Antioxidants reduce the oxidative stress in cells and are therefore useful in the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory diseases. This paper reviews the antioxidant potential of extracts from the stems, roots, bark, leaves, fruits and seeds of several important medicinal species. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxylanisole (BHA) are currently used as food additives, and many plant species have similar antioxidant potentials as these synthetics. These species include Diospyros abyssinica, Pistacia lentiscus, Geranium sanguineum L., Sargentodoxa cuneata Rehd. Et Wils, Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Bedd, Crataeva nurvala Buch-Ham., Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn, Teucrium polium L., Dracocephalum moldavica L., Urtica dioica L., Ficus microcarpa L. fil., Bidens pilosa Linn. Radiata, Leea indica, the Lamiaceae species, Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC, Salvia officinalis L., Momordica Charantia L., Rheum ribes L., and Pelargonium endlicherianum. The literature reveals that these natural antioxidants represent a potentially side effect-free alternative to synthetic antioxidants in the food processing industry and for use in preventive medicine.     

高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中间苯二酚和水杨酸

采用高效液相色谱法同时测定化妆品中间苯二酚和水杨酸。色谱条件:Kromasil C8(250 mm×4.6 mm i.d.,5μm)色谱柱,以流动相甲醇+0.01 mol/L磷酸氢铵缓冲溶液进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长275 nm。结果表明,在此条件下间苯二酚和水杨酸均在0.5～150μg/mL内与相应的峰面积具有良好的线性关系(相关系数r分别为0.999 7和0.999 8),线性回归方程分别为A=12 420ρ-6 301和A=15 500ρ-8 810,回收率在95.9%～103.5%,RSD为0.61%～0.88%。     

2-硝基-1,3-苯二甲醚的合成

采用间苯二酚为原料,经过磺化、硝化、水解合成2-硝基-1,3-苯二酚,再用硫酸二甲酯进行甲基化,得到2-硝基-1,3-苯二甲醚。重点讨论了2-硝基1,3-苯二酚及其甲醚化工艺条件,结果表明,使用质量分数20%发烟硫酸可使1,3-苯二酚全部二磺化从而使2-硝基1,3-苯二酚收率增至63.5%,色谱纯度达98.5%以上;在反应温度80℃,反应时间4 h,n(M e2SO4)∶n(2-硝基1,3-苯二酚)=2.2∶1.0时,2-硝基-1,3-苯二酚甲基化收率高达75.6%。     

Biochemical,microbiological and sensory changes in shrimp (Panaeus aztecus) dipped in different solutions using face‐centred central composite design

Biochemical, microbiological and sensory changes during shelf‐life at ?1 °C were determined in shrimp (Panaeus aztecus) previously dipped in ascorbic acid, citric acid, potassium sorbate and 4‐hexyl resorcinol solutions using face‐centred central composite design. Microbiological count, trimethylamine and hypoxantine production were measured. The lowest level of the total psychrotrophic bacteria, hypoxantine and trimethylamine were found in samples dipped in all containing chemicals solutions comparing to control treatment. Sensory studies showed that treatment A (ascorbic acid 4.50, citric acid 0.12, potassium sorbate 18.60 and 4‐hexyl resorcinol 0.25, all g L^?1) and B (ascorbic acid 4.37, citric acid 1.26, potassium sorbate 7.03 and 4‐hexyl resorcinol 0.25, all g L^?1) did not alter the typical sensory features of shrimp and were effective at delaying the bitter off‐flavour formation for 26 days. This study constitutes a promising alternative to extent shelf‐life of shrimp kept at ?1 °C without freezing.     

INTERFACIAL ADSORPTION OF 2-HYDROXY-5-NONYLBENZOPHENONE OXIME IN STATIC AND VIGOROUSLY STIRRED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT

The interfacial adsorption of 2-hydroxy-5-nonylbenzo-phenone oxime (LIX65N) at a n-heptane/water interphase was examined under static and vigorously stirred conditions, varying the aqueous pH from 2 to 12. In static systems, the pH and the concentration dependences of the interfacial tension were analysed on the basis of the Gibbs equation. The acid dissociation equilibrium at the interface was evaluated. In vigorously stirred systems, the interfacial adsorption was observed as a reversible, reproducible decrease of the organic phase concentration in response to stirring. A Langmuir isotherm was applicable for the adsorption of neutral LIX65N in acidic condition. The greater adsorption of the anionic form of LIX65N occurring in alkaline condition required an alternative isotherm.     

Evaluation of Elution Parameters for Cesium Ion Exchange Resins

Abstract

Cesium ion exchange is one of the planned processes for treating and disposing of waste at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site. Radioactive supernatant liquids from the waste tanks will undergo ultrafiltration, followed by cesium ion exchange using a regenerable organic ion exchange resin. Two resins, SuperLig^®644 and a resorcinol‐formaldehyde resin, are being evaluated for cesium removal and cesium elution characteristics. The main purpose of this study is to optimize the cesium elution to provide a resin that, after undergoing elution, would meet the U.S. Department of Energy/Office of River Protection Project‐Waste Treatment Plant processing and resin disposal criteria. Columns of each resin type were loaded to greater or equal to 90% breakthrough with a Hanford waste stimulant and eluted with nitric acid. The temperature, flow rate, and nitric acid concentration were varied to determine the optimal elution conditions. Temperature and eluant flow rate were the most important elution parameters. As would be predicted based upon kinetic consideration alone, decreasing the eluant flow rate and increasing the temperature provided the optimal elution conditions. Varying the nitric acid concentration did not have a significant effect on the elution completion; however, elutions performed using both high acid concentration (1 M) and elevated temperature (45°C) resulted in resin degradation, causing gas generation and resin bed disruption.     

Ce4+的掺杂和染料结构对TiO2光催化性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了掺杂Ce^4 的TiO2粉体光催化剂，考察了Ce^4 的含量对TiO2光催化性能的影响，并且研究了它对直接耐晒蓝和4，2-(吡啶偶氮)-间笨二酚钠两种染料的降解效果。结果表明，以TiO2干凝胶为母体，浸渍Ce^4 所制备的粉体光催化剂Ce^4 /TiO2降解效果分别比纯TiO2高45％和23％其对偶氮基团的分解效果明显高于对吡啶环和间苯二酚基的分解。X射线衍射分析表明，该法制备的TiO2粉体中锐钛矿相占90％以上，没有铈的氧化物形式，平均晶粒粒径为1nm；红外吸收光谱分析表明，Ce^4 ／TiO2和TiO2红外吸收光谱图相似，说明掺杂Ce^4 并没有极大地改变TiO2的化学结构。