微生物源单宁酶的研究进展

单宁酶可将单宁水解成没食子酸和葡萄糖，是一种重要的工业用酶。植物、动物和微生物中都含单宁酶，其中微生物是单宁酶的主要来源。基于单宁酶的国内外研究成果，该文归纳总结了不同微生物来源的单宁酶、酶学性质、作用机制，阐述了单宁酶在食品、饲料、制革、精细化工等实际生产中的应用，并对单宁酶今后的研究方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

Polyphenolic composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of native‐ and tannase‐treated green tea extracts

The antioxidant activities of native‐ and tannase‐treated green tea extracts along with their major polyphenol components were investigated. The polyphenolic content and composition of the tea before and after tannase treatment were determined by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). Approximately 99% of the (?)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (?)‐epicatechin gallate (ECG) in green tea extract were converted by tannase to (?)‐epigallocatechin (EGC) and (?)‐epicatechin (EC), respectively, after 30 min. Biotransformed green tea exhibited a significantly higher DPPH˙ radical scavenging activities than native green tea (EC₅₀ value of 0.024 ± 0.001 and 0.044 ± 0.001 mg mL^?1, respectively). Kinetic parameters such as scavenging rate and stoichiometry were calculated. The rate of DPPH˙ radical scavenging activities for tannase‐treated green tea extract was shown to be higher than native green tea extract.     

玉米芯固定化单宁酶的工艺条件优化

探讨改性玉米芯固定化单宁酶的工艺条件。采用Box-Behnkens试验设计和响应面分析方法,对改性玉米芯固定化单宁酶的条件进行优化,得出其最佳工艺条件为：单宁酶酶液与玉米芯载体比26:1(V/m)、pH 6.8、时间8.0h、温度36℃,在此条件下固定化酶活力达到(16085±5)U/g,酶活力回收率为44.68%。对最佳条件下制备的固定化单宁酶的酶学特性进行研究,发现该固定化酶的最适反应pH值为4.5～5,最适反应温度为60℃。     

黑曲霉N5-5单宁酶的纯化及酶学性质测定

采用中空纤维膜超滤和葡聚糖凝胶层析相结合的方法对黑曲霉N5-5单宁酶进行纯化,然后对纯酶性质进行测定。结果显示,黑曲霉N5-5单宁酶用该方法纯化后,可纯化近20倍,酶活力可回收23.30%。对纯酶作十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析,可知黑曲霉N5-5单宁酶为分子质量64.2 k D的单肽链蛋白。纯酶的酶促反应最适温度为45℃,且在25~45℃范围内热稳定性良好;酶促反应最适p H值为5.0,且在p H 5.0~5.5范围内酸碱稳定性良好。另外,反应动力学测定结果表明,该酶对底物没食子酸丙酯的米氏常数K_m为0.916 mmol/L,最大反应速率vmax为0.877 mmol/(L·min)。     

1 株产单宁酶嗜热真菌的鉴定、酶学性质分析及碳水化合物活性酶表达

对产单宁酶的1 株嗜热真菌HBHF5进行鉴定,开展单宁酶酶学性质的分析及碳水化合物活性酶（carbohydrate?active enzymes,CAZymes）的转录组学研究,探究嗜热真菌HBHF5在食品酶制剂开发中的潜力。经对菌株的菌落、孢子形态观察及ITS序列比对分析,最终鉴定嗜热真菌HBHF5为烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus）。经分析,菌株HBHF5在固态发酵培养时不产单宁酶,而液态诱导培养时,菌株HBHF5胞内和胞外均检测到单宁酶活性,且以胞外酶为主（94%）,酶活力最高达136?U/mL。单宁酶最适反应温度为60?℃,在60?℃处理30?min,能够维持酶原活力的90%以上。该酶最适反应pH值为6.0,在pH?5.0～9.0范围内,能够维持60%以上的酶活力。不同金属离子对酶活力的影响存在差异,Cu2＋、Fe3＋、Mn2＋和Zn2＋对该单宁酶活性抑制较强。经转录组学分析,该菌以麸皮为唯一碳源时,共有淀粉酶、纤维素酶和果胶酶等239?个CAZymes基因表达,其中糖苷水解酶类最为丰富,约占CAZymes表达总数的70%。A. fumigatus HBHF5是1 株优良产酶菌株,为具有食品酶制剂开发潜力的嗜热真菌。     

产单宁酶海洋短梗霉的分离筛选及酶学性质的研究

单宁酶能水解单宁物质中的酯键,在食品和饲料工业中有重要应用价值。 该研究从海洋微生物中获得了几株高产单宁酶 菌株,其中菌株95水解圈与菌落（直径）大小的比值最大,对其进行生理生化鉴定,并扩增内转录间隔区（ITS）序列作进化树分析, 鉴定菌株95号为Aureobasidium subglaciale,其在发酵培养基中发酵72 h达到最大酶活力323.2 U/mL。 考察了温度和pH对酶促反应 影响,同时考察了粗酶的热稳定性和pH稳定性。 结果表明,菌株95号所产单宁酶最适反应温度为50 ℃,该酶在30 ℃、40 ℃、50 ℃水浴 保温4 h,相对酶活80%以上,具有较好的热稳定性;最适反应和最稳定pH均为6.0,在pH 3.0～7.0之间均有较高的酶活,表示其具有 较广的pH值稳定性。     

Effect of treatment with α‐galactosidase,tannase or a cell‐wall‐degrading enzyme complex on the nutritive utilisation of protein and carbohydrates from pea (Pisum sativum L.) flour

The effect of treatment with α‐galactosidase, tannase or a cell‐wall‐degrading enzyme complex under optimal conditions of pH, temperature and length of incubation time on the chemical composition and nutritive utilisation of protein and carbohydrates from pea (Pisum sativum L.) flour was studied. Soaking of pea flours in combination with enzyme treatment led to reductions of 77–90% in the levels of α‐galactosides, and of 60–80% in the levels of trypsin inhibitor activity, increasing the content of total available sugars, which was highest in the pea flour treated with the cell‐wall‐degrading enzyme complex. All the treatments assayed caused a significant improvement in daily food intake, whereas the nutritive utilisation of protein was not increased in any of the pea products tested when compared to the raw pea flour. However, all the soaking and enzymatic treatments led to a significant improvement in daily weight gain associated with a higher dietary intake of food and total available sugars. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Atan1p—an extracellular tannase from the dimorphic yeast Arxula adeninivorans: molecular cloning of the ATAN1 gene and characterization of the recombinant enzyme

The tannase‐encoding Arxula adeninivorans gene ATAN1 was isolated from genomic DNA by PCR, using as primers oligonucleotide sequences derived from peptides obtained after tryptic digestion of the purified tannase protein. The gene harbours an ORF of 1764 bp, encoding a 587‐amino acid protein, preceded by an N‐terminal secretion sequence comprising 28 residues. The deduced amino acid sequence was similar to those of tannases from Aspergillus oryzae (50% identity), A. niger (48%) and putative tannases from A. fumigatus (52%) and A. nidulans (50%). The sequence contains the consensus pentapeptide motif (–Gly–X–Ser–X–Gly–) which forms part of the catalytic centre of serine hydrolases. Expression of ATAN1 is regulated by the carbon source. Supplementation with tannic acid or gallic acid leads to induction of ATAN1, and accumulation of the native tannase enzyme in the medium. The enzymes recovered from both wild‐type and recombinant strains were essentially indistinguishable. A molecular mass of ～320 kDa was determined, indicating that the native, glycosylated tannase consists of four identical subunits. The enzyme has a temperature optimum at 35–40 °C and a pH optimum at ～6.0. The enzyme is able to remove gallic acid from both condensed and hydrolysable tannins. The wild‐type strain LS3 secreted amounts of tannase equivalent to 100 U/l under inducing conditions, while the transformant strain, which overexpresses the ATAN1 gene from the strong, constitutively active A. adeninivorans TEF1 promoter, produced levels of up to 400 U/l when grown in glucose medium in shake flasks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单宁酶对酯型儿茶素作用研究

通过对单宁酶分解酯型儿茶素的研究，找出在恒定的pH与温度条件下，底物浓度与分解时间及单宁酶的添加量的变化关系，并指出用单宁酶解决茶汤浑浊过程中需注意的问题。     

Tannase‐mediated biotransformation assisted separation and purification of theaflavin and epigallocatechin by high speed counter current chromatography and preparative high performance liquid chromatography: A comparative study

A large scale isolation and purification of theaflavin (TF) and epigallocatechin (EGC) has been successfully developed by tannase‐mediated biotransformation combining high‐speed countercurrent chromatography. After tannase hydrolysis of a commercially available theaflavins extract (TE), the content of TF and EGC in tannase‐mediated biotransformation product (TBP) achieved approximately 3 times enrichment. SEM studies revealed smooth tannase biotransformation and the possibility of recovery of the tannase. A single 1.5 hours' HSCCC separation for TF and EGC employing a two‐phase solvent system could simultaneously produce 180.8 mg of 97.3% purity TF and 87.5 mg of 97.3% purity EGC. However, a preparative HPLC separation of maximum injection volume containing 120 mg TBP prepared 11.2 mg TF of 94.9% purity and 7.7 mg EGC of 89.9% purity. HSCCC separation demonstrated significant advantages over Prep HPLC in terms of sample loading size, separation time, environmental friendly solvent systems, and the production.