Peculiarities of erosion-corrosion processes

Investigations have been carried out on an erosion-corrosion apparatus to investigate the behaviour of corrosion-resistant highalloy iron-base materials containing hard phases. These materials had been optimized for increased wear resistance under complex stress conditions. As expected, in dry erosion tests, very low mass losses were established; there was little difference between the materials. Also, in corrosive environments (NaCl, H₂SO₄), the materials showed good stability; however, the duplex structures were superior to the martensitic ones. The combination of erosion and corrosion produced large differences and, in some cases, markedly reduced resistance to damage. These results confirmed observations that it is impossible to deduce the environmentally influenced mechanical behaviour of an alloy from its behaviour in separate corrosion and erosion experiments. The basic mechanisms underlying these processes have been investigated only tentatively.     

Observations on the role of oxide scales in high-temperature erosion-corrosion of alloys

The results are presented of exposure to a controlled high-temperature erosive gas stream of a series of alloys, which were selected to represent the range of microstructures and mechanical properties available in commercial high-temperature alloys. Analysis of the kinetic and morphological data suggested that the high-temperature oxidation behavior of a given alloy plays a very important role in determining its erosion-corrosion behavior under the conditions studied. In terms of relative behavior, alloys which are weak but ductile at temperature, and which form tenacious oxide scales, exhibited the highest resistance to high-temperature erosion-corrosion. Simple models were developed to describe the expected interaction between high-temperature oxidation and erosion.     

碳钢与不锈钢在腐蚀浆料中冲刷腐蚀交互作用的定量研究

用失重法和电化学法系统地研究了碳钢与不锈钢在腐蚀浆料中冲刷与腐蚀的交互作用及其电化学行为。试验表明：①冲刷腐蚀和动态纯腐蚀极化曲线与静态纯腐蚀极化曲线截然不同，两者的腐蚀机理存在本质的差异；②T8钢以腐蚀失重为主，18—8不锈钢以冲刷失重为主，两者的冲刷腐蚀交互作用失重率占其总失重率的60%以上，表明耐蚀不耐磨的18—8不锈钢和耐磨不耐蚀的T8钢在冲刷腐蚀工况中均难以胜任；③T8钢的冲刷腐蚀失重率和交互作用失重平均是18—8不锈钢的6倍以上，表明在液固两相流冲刷腐蚀工况中，材料必须首先具有一定的耐蚀性，然后再考虑提高材料的硬度和耐磨性，这样才能有效地提高材料的耐冲刷腐蚀性能。     

Erosion-corrosion investigation of high chromium cast irons using newly designed jet type tester

A jet type erosion-corrosion tester was developed for the erosion-corrosion investigation of high-chromium cast irons. During tests the size and the shape of particles in the slurry can be maintained stable. The jet velocity and attack angle can be accurately controlled. The repeatability and ranking consistency of the test results are satisfactory. The test parameters can be adjusted in a wide range, so that the tester can simulate various practical working conditions. Electrochemical test data can be automatically collected and processed. Dynamic polarization curves can be obtained during erosion-corrosion test, which can be used to study the dynamic corrosion characteristics.Two high chromium cast irons were studied in hot concentrated alkaline slurry. The results show that the erosioncorrosion mass loss rate and dynamic corrosion rate of 295Cr26 iron is lower than that of 185Cr13 under the conditions similar to alumyte processing. The mechanism of erosion-corrosion of 295Cr26 and 185Cr13 was studied by using the tester. The interaction between erosion and corrosion was also quantitatively evaluated.     

动态与静态纯腐蚀对定量研究材料冲刷腐蚀交互作用的影响

分别测定了不锈钢和碳钢静态与动态纯腐蚀失重率、冲刷腐蚀失重及其电化学行为。研究了静态与动态纯腐蚀失重率对材料冲刷腐蚀交互作用失重率的影响。实验表明：（1）动态纯腐蚀比静态纯腐蚀更能反映材料在液固两相流中冲刷腐蚀交互作用的本质；（2）本实验条件下。T8钢动态纯腐蚀失重率是静态纯腐蚀失重率的2倍以上。18－8不锈钢动态纯腐蚀失重率竟是静态纯腐蚀失重率200倍以上、静态交互作用失重是动态交互作用失重率的2倍以上。可见静态与动态纯腐蚀对定量研究材料冲刷腐蚀交互作用会产生很大的差异；（3）在腐蚀性浆料中，首先要保证材料具有一定的耐蚀性。其次再考虑提高材料的硬度和耐磨性。这样才能有效地提高材料的耐冲刷腐蚀性能。对不同的工况，必须同时兼顾材料的耐蚀性和耐磨性。     

EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION ON EROSION－CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF AN IRON BASE CAST ALLOY

用扫描电镜、Ｘ射线衍射、电子探针等手段测定及分析了Ｆｅ基铸造合金Ｃｒ３０Ｎｉ１７Ｍｏ２Ｃｕ以不同速度凝固后的显微组织和主要合金元素分布，在含固相颗粒的强酸性双相流介质中测定了冲刷腐蚀性能。结果表明，快凝铸态组织耐冲刷腐蚀性能最佳，慢凝铸态次之；时效热处理虽能提高硬度，但抗冲刷腐蚀性能反而下降。     

超音速热喷涂316L合金涂层在实际炼油环境中的冲蚀行为

利用超音速热喷涂技术在碳钢基体上制备出了316L合金涂层，研究了该涂层在实际炼油环境中的冲蚀行为。结果表明：超音速热喷涂316L合金涂层在实际炼油环境中具有非常好的抗冲蚀性能，长期现场挂片后涂层仍保持完整，仅表面有轻微的冲蚀痕迹，涂层表面形成的保护性氧化膜、涂层金属自身良好的耐蚀性以及涂层较高的硬度是其具有优异抗冲蚀性能的主要原因。     

Erosion—corrosion characteristics of a 2.25 Cr-1 Mo steel exposed at low particle velocities

The erosion-corrosion characteristics of a 2.25 Cr-1 Mo steel at low particle velocities and elevated temperatures were determined using a nozzle type laboratory erosion tester. The tests were performed with 180–360 μm angular alumina particles at 60° angle of impingement at low particle velocities of 2.6–8.2 m/s and in the temperature interval 20–600°C. The steel was tested both in the as-received condition as well as in two preoxidized conditions. The erosion-corrosion rate of the steel, both in the as-received and in the preoxidized conditions, was found to increase with increasing particle velocity. In contrast, the wastage rates were relatively independent of temperature in the temperature range investigated, the only exception being specimens exposed to the lowest particle velocity (2.6 m/s) at the very highest temperature, i.e. 600°C, which displayed a drastic increase in wastage. Specimens preoxidized at 700°C exhibited a somewhat higher erosion rate compared with non-preoxidized specimens and specimens preoxidized at 500°C. Microscopy revealed four different major wastage mechanisms, i.e. (i) plastic deformation, cracking and micro chipping of surface material of a size corresponding to the area impinged by eroding particles, (ii) chipping of somewhat larger oxide fragments (up to 10–15 μm in diameter), (iii) chipping or spalling of relatively large oxide fragments (up to 30–50 μm in diameter), and (iv) spalling along the steel-oxide interface or within an oxide layer due to cohesive failure, of larger (up to 500 μm in diameter) oxide layer fragments. In the present study extensive spalling was only observed for non-preoxidized specimens exposed to the lowest particle velocity (2.6 m/s) and the two highest specimen temperatures (550°C and 600°C).     

基于Fluent的异径偏心弯管环烷酸冲蚀分析

在高温环烷酸腐蚀环境中,应用Fluent软件对不同结构尺寸的异径偏心弯管弯头与变径后直管段内的流场进行了数值模拟。根据流速、剪切力等流体力学参数的变化情况,结合高温环烷酸腐蚀机理,分析了流场对异径偏心弯管冲蚀的影响,预测并验证了异径偏心弯管易腐蚀的部位。结果表明:异径偏心弯管弯头两侧与外侧还有变径后直管段180°~360°附近壁面上的剪切力较大,易发生环烷酸冲蚀;弯头内侧剪切力随直管段长度增大而增大,弯头两侧剪切力随直管段长度增大而减小,弯头外侧剪切力不随直管段长度改变而改变。因此,在实际检测中,对于直管段较长的异径偏心弯管,除了弯头两侧与外侧,还要注意弯头内侧的检查。     

炼化设备冲刷腐蚀失效分析及控制策略

目的冲刷腐蚀失效是制约炼油装置安全运行的重大隐患,通过分析炼化设备系统中典型冲刷腐蚀失效的机理和影响因素,提出石油炼制过程中冲刷腐蚀的控制策略。方法基于炼油装置的工艺流程、设备和管道的结构设计、腐蚀介质和材质等,分别针对减压转油线防冲板、硫酸烷基化装置反应流出物注碱口管线、酸性水汽提塔顶富氨气系统,以及焦化分馏塔进料段塔壁腐蚀问题进行失效分析。结果通过将材质升级为317L,避免了减压转油线防冲板因环烷酸冲刷腐蚀而减薄。通过改进碱注入方式和优化操作工艺方式,减缓了硫酸烷基化装置反应流出物注碱口管线的硫酸腐蚀。通过将空冷器管束材质升级为316L,及增加管道直径的措施,防治了酸性水汽提塔顶富氨气系统酸性水冲刷腐蚀。通过更换进料分配器解决了焦化分馏塔进料段塔壁腐蚀泄漏的难题。结论炼化设备冲刷腐蚀的控制策略:依据主动防腐的观念,在遵循炼化设备选材导则进行合理选材的基础上,充分考虑设备、管道的实际工艺操作情况,针对具体部位进行腐蚀评估,发现薄弱部位并及时调整相关操作(操作工艺、工艺防腐和腐蚀监测等),从而保证了炼化装置的安全稳定运行。