天然气水合物储层泥质细粉砂挡砂介质堵塞规律与微观挡砂机制

中国南海海域部分天然气水合物储层中地层砂为高泥质含量细粉砂，开采防控砂难度较大。针对高泥质细粉砂挡砂机制问题，使用粒度中值为10.13 μm的泥质细粉砂样品，模拟单向气液携砂流动条件，使用绕丝筛板、金属烧结网、金属纤维、预充填陶粒4类挡砂介质在20~80 μm挡砂精度下进行挡砂模拟实验，采用显微成像系统观察挡砂介质内部及表面砂粒沉积与堵塞动态，分析介质流通性能和挡砂性能变化，总结堵塞规律、微观挡砂机制与形态及其控制因素。研究结果表明，不同类型和精度的挡砂介质对泥质细粉砂的堵塞总体呈现堵塞开始、堵塞加剧和堵塞平衡3个阶段。随着驱替进行，挡砂介质渗透率逐渐降低，幅度会高达90%以上；同时过砂速度减缓，最终过砂率为5%~10%。根据堵塞规律和微观图像分析，提出了粗组分分选桥架、局部砂团适度挡砂、整体砂桥阻挡等挡砂介质对泥质细粉砂的3种微观挡砂机制。以粗组分分选桥架挡砂机制为主的挡砂工况下，挡砂介质堵塞渗透率较高，但过砂率超过15%，挡砂效果较差；以整体砂桥挡砂机制为主时，过砂率在10%以下，挡砂性能较好，但各类挡砂介质的堵塞渗透率不足1 D，流通性能较差。局部砂团适度挡砂机制为主时介质挡砂性能及流通性能介于两者之间。挡砂介质对天然气水合物储层泥质细粉砂的微观挡砂机制和形态受挡砂介质类型、精度、地层砂特征以及流动条件等因素控制，其规律对于水合物泥质细粉砂防控砂优化有指导意义。     

Comparison of Bougainvillea spectabilis and Bougainvillea glabra species inhibited in Pakistan based on microscopic studies: Light microscope and scanning electron microscope

The anatomical variations of two plants from the Nyctaginaceae family, Bougainvillea spectabilis and Bougainvillea glabra, were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy methods in this work. Bougainvillea is a dicotyledonous with defensive traits that can withstand extreme (hot and dry) settings; according to the findings, crystal inclusions in cells, woody spines, and an abnormal development pattern are all features that help them survive against predators and are unique to this species. The Bougainvillea plant's leaves are arranged in simple pattern, alternate to each other along stem having an undulate leaves edge and an oval form. The xylem and phloem, palisade, parenchyma midrib, spongy mesophyll, raphide crystal bundles, and trichomes were all visible when bracts and leaves were transversally sectioned and dyed with toluidine blue O (TBO). The presence of crystals was confirmed by a detailed examination of the transverse leaves by using bright-field and cross-polarizing microscopy. Dissecting microscopic examination showed that all the leaves revealed leaves venation pattern that had midvein, lateral veins areoles, and trichomes. Although trichomes have been identified on both sides, a closer look at a cleaned leaf dyed with TBO showed multicellular abundant trichomes on adaxial surface. Stomata complexes were typically found on the abaxial surface of the leaf according to epidermal peels. Present studies also showed that on adaxial side, stomata were lesser in number or were absent and also showed that the morphologies of the pavement cells on the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf differed.     

Dilated and soft attention-guided convolutional neural network for breast cancer histology images classification

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women, and histopathological imaging is considered the gold standard for its diagnosis. However, the great complexity of histopathological images and the considerable workload make this work extremely time-consuming, and the results may be affected by the subjectivity of the pathologist. Therefore, the development of an accurate, automated method for analysis of histopathological images is critical to this field. In this article, we propose a deep learning method guided by the attention mechanism for fast and effective classification of haematoxylin and eosin-stained breast biopsy images. First, this method takes advantage of DenseNet and uses the feature map's information. Second, we introduce dilated convolution to produce a larger receptive field. Finally, spatial attention and channel attention are used to guide the extraction of the most useful visual features. With the use of fivefold cross-validation, the best model obtained an accuracy of 96.47% on the BACH2018 dataset. We also evaluated our method on other datasets, and the experimental results demonstrated that our model has reliable performance. This study indicates that our histopathological image classifier with a soft attention-guided deep learning model for breast cancer shows significantly better results than the latest methods. It has great potential as an effective tool for automatic evaluation of digital histopathological microscopic images for computer-aided diagnosis.     

掺合料对超高性能水泥基装饰材料性能的影响

将重钙粉与偏高岭土以不同的比例混合并替代白水泥，制备超高性能水泥基装饰材料,研究两者掺入比例变化对超高性能水泥基装饰材料工作性能、力学性能及自收缩的影响，采用SEM扫描电镜观察28 d龄期后试件内部微观形貌，研究表明，随着重钙粉与偏高岭土比例的增大，试件的致密程度和强度先增后减，其中B9-9的28 d抗压与抗折强度可以达到120.6 MPa与42.9 MPa，且工作性、收缩性能良好、内部结构致密。     

Multiphysics phase-field modeling of quasi-static cracking in urania ceramic nuclear fuel

This work presents phase-field modeling of quasi-static cracking in urania (UO₂) ceramic nuclear fuel under neutron radiation at high temperatures. Considering the tightly coupled multi-physics processes within the fuel during reactor power operation, a diffusion model including Fickian and Soret effects is used to describe the oxygen hyper-stoichiometry (x in UO_2+x), and the temperature field is given by a thermal model involving non-uniform fission-generated heat source and heat flow across fuel pellet, pellet-cladding gap and cladding to the outside heat sink. Both temperature and irradiation effects are taken into account for the basic thermo-mechanical properties and irradiation behaviors of the nuclear fuel. Especially, the acceleration of fuel thermal creep by oxygen hyper-stoichiometry is included. The fracture due to the above physical processes is approximated by a scalar phase-field variable based upon a cohesive phase-field fracture method. A granite fracture experiment is simulated to validate the thermo-fracture coupling approach. For the first time, the diffusion-thermo-mechanical-fracture coupling model is applied to UO₂ fuel pellet cracking during reactor startup, power ramp and reactor shutdown. UO₂ creep is found to play an important role on the fuel pellet fragmentation. The developed capability supports interpretation of experimental data and can guide material design of ceramic nuclear fuels.     

Modeling and surface texturing on surface roughness in machining LaPO4–Y2O3 composite

In this work, lanthanum phosphate with a 20% yttria (LaPO₄/Y₂O₃) composite prepared by an Aqueous Sol–Gel process is machined using an Abrasive Water Jet Machine (AWJM). The machinability of this composite is studied by varying the input parameters namely Jet Pressure (JP), Stand-Off Distance (SOD), and Traverse Speed (TS) on Surface finish. Garnet of 80 mesh size is used as an abrasive with a flow rate of 85?g/min. The microstructural characterization study reveals the presence of new element YPO₄. This element enhances the machinability and reduced porosity in the composite. Microscopy examinations on the machined surface reveals that partial overlapping at low JP, poor surface finish at high JP and SOD, forged deficiency at maximum SOD and TS. The minimum levels of all input parameters are influenced to obtain acceptable Ra. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) on the kerf surface shows micro wear track and peaks. The Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) is developed for Ra to check the adequacy. From the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), SOD has a significant effect on Ra with a contribution of 53%. The influence of JP and TS on Ra is found to be 31% and 15%, respectively.     

Fe-Cr-Ni系不锈钢在热老化和退火过程中铁素体调幅分解的相场法研究

用基于Cahn-Hilliard方程的相场法研究了Fe-Cr-Ni系不锈钢中的铁素体在热老化和后续退火过程中调幅分解的演化过程，结果表明：在热老化过程中调幅分解生成相连的网络状α'相，调幅分解引起的Cr成分波动的波长和振幅都随着热老化时间的延长而增大；在随后的退火过程中α'相逐渐溶解而Cr成分波动的振幅迅速减小，但是波长继续增大。还讨论了热老化时的调幅分解对铁素体纳米压痕硬度的影响以及退火温度对调幅分解回复(α'相溶解)所需时间的影响，结果表明：铁素体的纳米压痕硬度主要与调幅分解的振幅有关，且随着振幅的增大而提高。同时，提高退火温度能显著缩短调幅分解回复所需的时间，退火回复时间与退火温度之间有Arrhenius形式的关系。     

镜面杂质与水汽吸放对露点仪影响的实验研究

显微成像露点仪在研制和测试过程中发现镜面杂质和内腔材质吸放水汽等影响测量精度的问题。针对镜面杂质对显微成像露点仪测量的影响开展了镜面图像特征的实验研究，结果表明：镜面杂质点处露珠凝结具有优先性，且反复凝结消散后镜面出现杂质沉降现象。针对水汽吸放对显微成像露点仪的影响开展了水汽释放与吸附效应的实验研究，结果表明：当温度发生变化时，显微成像露点仪感应舱内壁氧化铝材质存在释放（或吸附）水汽现象，使得显微成像露点仪测量值偏大（或偏小）。研究结果为露点仪在功能设置及镜面与腔体材料选择方面提供了参考。     

Microscopic mechanism of perfluorocarbon gas formation in aluminum electrolysis process

In view of the unclear cause of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) emission in the anode effect stage of aluminum electrolysis, the microscopic formation mechanism of PFCs was studied by density functional theory calculation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is found that the discharge of fluorine containing anions ([F]^?) on carbon anode first causes the substitution of C—H by C—F and further results in the saturation of aromatic C—C bonds, leading to the appearance of —CF₃ or —C₂F₅ group through six-carbon-ring opening. Elimination of —CF₃ and —C₂F₅ with F atom could be a likely mechanism of CF₄ and C₂F₆ formation. XPS results confirm that different types of —CF_x group can be formed on anode surface during electrolysis, and the possibility that [F]^? discharges continuously at the C edge and finally forms different C—F bonds in quantum mechanical calculation was verified.     

Light microscopy of Pakistani Berberis leaf cuticles and its taxonomic implications

Taxonomy of the genus Berberis is quite complex, due to overlapping morphological characters, making it very difficult to differentiate the species within the genus. In order to resolve this taxonomic complexity, the foliar anatomy of 10 Berberis L. species was carried out, for the first time from Pakistan, using light microscopy (LM). Significant variation in terms of epidermal cells shape, size, cell wall pattern, and stomata type was observed. B. baluchistanica has the largest epidermal cells, Adaxial: length = 45–(53.9 ± 3.6)–62.5 μm; and width = 22.5–(26.3 ± 1.3)–30 μm; Abaxial: length = 37.5–(43.25 ± 2.5)–50 μm; and width = 20–(22.6 ± 0.8)–25. The highest number of stomata was observed in B. glaucocarpa as 62 on the abaxial surface while the lowest number of stomata was recorded in B. baluchistanica as 8 on the adaxial surface. Of 10 investigated species, 6 possess anomocytic type stomata, while 2 species that is, B. aitchisonii and B. parkeriana have both anomocytic and anisocytic stomata while B. baluchistanica and B. calliobotrys have only paracytic type stomata. The highest number of cells per unit area was present on the adaxial surface of B. calliobotrys ranging from 245–(252.4)–260 followed by B. parkeriana with 209–(227.8)–250 on the abaxial surface. Stomatal index (SI) also varied considerably and was the lowest (2.6) percentage in B. baluchistanica and highest (31.9) percentage in B. kunawurensis. A taxonomic key based on micro‐morphological characters is provided for species identification.