Frequency response data-based peak filter design applied to MIMO large-scale high-precision scan stage

A large-scale high-precision scan stage is important equipment in the industrial productions of micro-fabrication such as flat panel display (FPD) lithography systems. Designing controllers for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems is time-consuming and needs experience because of the interaction between each axis and many controller tuning parameters. The aim of this study is to develop a peak filter design method based on frequency response data to reduce repetitive disturbance. This data-based approach does not use the model and only uses the frequency response data of the controlled system and the disturbance spectrum calculated from the scanning error data (Contribution 1). The peak filter is designed by convex optimization and satisfies robust stability conditions for six-degree-of-freedom systems (Contribution 2). The control performance of the designed peak filter is experimentally demonstrated with an industrial MIMO large-scale high-precision scan stage in reducing the scanning error of the main stroke of the translation along the $x$-axis (Contribution 3).     

A numerical modelling approach to assess the behaviour of underground cavern subjected to blast loads

The paper gives an insight into the behaviour of large underground caverns which are subjected to blast loads. Caverns are generally constructed in hard rock formation which compels us to use blasting methods for the excavation works. Comparative study was done between models with intact rock mass and discontinuities to assess the stability of cavern as a result of blast loads. Numerical modelling was performed with 3 dimensional distinct element code(3 DEC) to analyse the performance of cavern walls in terms of displacement and to compute peak particle velocities(PPV) both around the cavern periphery and at surface of models. Results showed that the velocity wave with higher frequency exhibited large displacements around the periphery of cavern. Computation of PPV showed that model with horizontal joint sets showed lower PPV in comparison to model with intact rock mass. PPV values were also analysed on the surface for model consisting vertical joints spaced at 4 m intervals. Comparative study of PPV on surface vertically above the blast location between models with horizontal joints spaced at 4 m and vertical joints at 4 m intervals were conducted. Results depicted higher magnitudes of PPV for model with vertical joints in comparison to model with horizontal joints.     

Steel slag waste combined with melamine pyrophosphate as a flame retardant for rigid polyurethane foams

To explore the potential application of industrial waste, steel slag powder in combination with melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) was adopted to improve the flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). The incorporation of steel slag slightly reduced the thermal conductivity of the resulting flame-retardant RPUF samples. The addition of MPP and/or steel slag did not significantly alter the thermal stability in terms of T_-10% and T_max but did obviously increase the T_-50% value, suggesting the improved thermal resistance of the residues. The coaddition of MPP and steel slag into RPUF resulted in higher LOI values and lower peak heat release rates than the samples incorporating either MPP or steel slag alone. The superior flame retardancy could be attributed to MPP promoting char formation, which then acted as a barrier at the beginning of RPUF thermal decomposition; simultaneously, the thermally stable inorganics in the steel slag powder strengthened the thermal resistance of this char layer.     

减振沟对爆破振动加速度峰值减振效应的试验研究

通过对减振沟开挖前后两个阶段爆破振动加速度峰值的监测,采用回归分析的方法,得到两种情况下的萨道夫斯基经验公式。通过对比分析的方法,得到减振沟对振动加速度峰值的减振规律。结果表明,合理的开挖减振沟可有效地降低爆破振动加速度峰值。     

爆炸能分配比值对爆炸应力波峰值的影响

为评价膨胀能Ｅｂ在破岩过程中的作用，进行了爆炸应力波的测定实验，研究了冲击能（Ｅｓ）与膨胀能（Ｅｂ）分配比值的变化对爆炸应力波峰值的影响。实验结果表明，随着Ｅｓ／Ｅｂ比值的增大，原生爆炸应力波的峰值随之增大，而次生爆炸应力波的峰值则相应减小。     

The impact of using chilled water storage systems on the performance of air cooled chillers in Kuwait

In the air conditioning (AC) industry chilled water storage (CWS) systems are one form of cool thermal storage technology that can be used to time shift the electrical load of the system from the peak day periods to off peak night time periods. In this paper the data for the actual exported and generated electrical energy obtained for the power stations in Kuwait has been used to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the peak electrical load of AC systems. Since the chiller in an air cooled AC system represent more than 75% of the total electrical power consumed by an AC system during the peak demand period, the impact of using CWS systems with alternative operating strategies including partial (load levelling), partial (demand limiting) and full load has been investigated. In our conclusions we estimate that approximately 45% of the total annual exported electrical energy is consumed solely by AC systems as a result of the very high ambient temperatures occurring between March and October. Furthermore, it is estimated AC systems represent about 62% of the peak electrical load. The results demonstrate that CWS can reduce the peak electrical load of a chiller in an air cooled AC system by up to 100% and reduce the nominal chiller size by up to 33% depending upon the operating strategy adopted. This is achieved with only a 4% increase in power consumption of the chiller for all CWS strategies except for full storage where the energy consumption actually decreases by approximately 4%.     

Selecting optimal monitoring site locations for peak ambient particulate material concentrations using the MM5-CAMx4 numerical modelling system

Installation of temporary or long term monitoring sites is expensive, so it is important to rationally identify potential locations that will achieve the requirements of regional air quality management strategies. A simple, but effective, numerical approach to selecting ambient particulate matter (PM) monitoring site locations has therefore been developed using the MM5-CAMx4 air pollution dispersion modelling system. A new method, ‘site efficiency,’ was developed to assess the ability of any monitoring site to provide peak ambient air pollution concentrations that are representative of the urban area. ‘Site efficiency’ varies from 0 to 100%, with the latter representing the most representative site location for monitoring peak PM concentrations. Four heavy pollution episodes in Christchurch (New Zealand) during winter 2005, representing 4 different aerosol dispersion patterns, were used to develop and test this site assessment technique. Evaluation of the efficiency of monitoring sites was undertaken for night and morning aerosol peaks for 4 different particulate material (PM) spatial patterns. The results demonstrate that the existing long term monitoring site at Coles Place is quite well located, with a site efficiency value of 57.8%. A temporary ambient PM monitoring site (operating during winter 2006) showed a lower ability to capture night and morning peak aerosol concentrations. Evaluation of multiple site locations used during an extensive field campaign in Christchurch (New Zealand) in 2000 indicated that the maximum efficiency achieved by any site in the city would be 60-65%, while the efficiency of a virtual background site is calculated to be about 7%. This method of assessing the appropriateness of any potential monitoring site can be used to optimize monitoring site locations for any air pollution measurement programme.     

某小型弹体发射系统低压发射室降压方案研究

针对某小型弹体发射系统低压发射室峰值压强过大的问题,以经典的内弹道理论为基础,根据系统设计参数及内弹道预估结果,分析了影响低压发射室峰值压强的主要因素,提出了降低峰值压强的3个主要方法:增大低压发射室初始自由容积、减小主装药初始燃面和增大喷管喉径。通过该方法低压发射室峰值压强从最初的0.96MPa降低到了0.58MPa,降低了约40%。最后通过试验验证了该方法的可行性及内弹道预估的可靠性,并根据预估结果设计出了满足技术指标要求的弹体发射系统。     

电化学储能系统参与调峰调频政策综述与补偿机制探究

近年来,储能参与电网调峰调频辅助服务的政策层出不穷,有必要对其进行梳理与分析。本文结合电化学储能调峰调频性能与电化学储能电站运行案例,从国家、区域、省市三个层面剖析了近年来储能参与调峰调频辅助服务的政策,并归纳了典型省份对储能参与调峰调频辅助服务的准入要求、交易价格与交易模式。随后,分别从美欧储能参与调频补偿方式,以及我国主要的调频补偿方法两个方面探究了储能参与调频的补偿机制;以青海省为例,梳理了我国储能参与调峰的主要方式与补偿机制。最后,简要分析了现阶段储能参与调峰调频辅助服务的问题,从完善差异化补偿、优化储能调频调控方案、探索共享储能运营模式、完善准入及评价标准等方面对电化学储能参与调峰调频辅助服务提出了建议。     

三相电源法进行变压器短路承受能力试验的研究

进行了不同联结方式三相变压器短路电流计算公式的推导,在此基础上用Excel表计算三相电流波形、合闸角对峰值电流的影响,并进行了辐向电动力动态响应的计算。