Effect of Mo on corrosion behavior of Ni20Cr–xMo alloys in air with NaCl–KCl–CaCl2 vapor at 570°C

The effect of Mo on the corrosion behavior of Ni20Cr–xMo alloys in an oxidizing chlorine-containing atmosphere using air mixed with the salt-vapor mixture of NaCl–KCl–CaCl₂ at 570°C was investigated. The results revealed that the corrosion performance of the Ni20Cr alloys in the oxidizing chlorine atmosphere was improved by Mo addition of up to 3 wt%. The Mo-free alloy formed a potassium chromate during corrosion as a result of the reaction between the Cr₂O₃ scale and KCl vapor. The chromate formation increased the chlorine potential at the scale surface and induced the breakdown of the protective Cr₂O₃ scale, resulting in internal chromium chloride precipitates and a Cr-depleted zone. In contrast, the presence of Mo resulted in the formation of a NiO scale, which did not react with the salt vapors and, therefore, prevented the formation of chromates. The beneficial effect of Mo on the high-temperature chlorination of Ni–Cr alloys in salt-vapor-containing atmospheres was ascribed to the suppression of chlorine generation due to NiO scale formation.     

氯化氢过氯原因及预防措施

分析了合成氯化氢中游离氯含量超标的原因,为避免发生安全生产事故,提出了预防措施。     

Investigating azeotropic separation of hydrochloric acid for optimizing the copper-chlorine thermochemical cycle

In this paper, an atmospheric-pressure distillation system is designed and constructed for partial to separation of hydrochloric acid and water. The system concentrates HCl(aq) between the electrolyzer and hydrolysis processes of the Copper–Chlorine (Cu–Cl) cycle for hydrogen production. The motivation behind this study is to investigate azeotropic separation of HCl(aq), as needed for integration of unit operations in the Cu–Cl cycle. The separation is only partial, as the mixture is unable to cross the azeotrope with only a single pressure. The distillation system consists primarily of one packed distillation column, which employs heating tapes and thermocouples to achieve a desired axial temperature profile. The column can be operated in batch or continuous mode. The distillate is H 2O(l) and the bottoms is HCl(aq) near the azeotropic concentration; feed concentrations are less than azeotrope. Thus, the degree of separation is determined to be independent of the feed concentration. The bottoms concentration varies from experiment to experiment, but does so independently of feed concentration, likely the result of corrosion impurities affecting the calculation of its concentration. It is found that HCl(aq) can be concentrated up to approximately 0.1068 mol/mol from an initial concentration of 0.0191 mol/mol. A simulation of pressure-swing distillation (PSD) is also performed, but due to safety constraints (a column operating at 10 atm must be certified to CSA B51), a single-pressure (single-column) distillation is physically performed. A single-pressure column is beneficial to the Cu–Cl cycle because it partially recycles HCl, which reduces the cost of the cycle, and still provides valuable results for analysis. The maximum HCl concentration achieved experimentally is 0.1068 mol/mol and the maximum HCl concentration determined from simulation is 0.11 mol/mol (the azeotropic concentration). The novelty of this research is that the experimental column built to study HCl partial separation is designed to be simple yet safe to integrate within the Cu–Cl cycle for hydrogen production.     

脱硫废水在热烟气环境中的蒸发特性及其产物特性研究

针对旁路烟道旋转喷雾干燥技术和主烟道蒸发技术,开展了脱硫废水蒸发干燥过程及其产物特性的分析对比研究,比较了两种工艺过程中脱硫废水蒸发特性,并对脱硫废水蒸发产物的表面结构特性进行了研究,考察了Cl元素的迁移分布特性及其对后续除尘系统和粉煤灰资源化利用的影响。结果表明:氯离子浓度增大,蒸发效果会随之降低,pH值则对其影响不大,旋转雾化条件较之于主烟道蒸发效果好;两种工艺下蒸发干燥产物表面粗糙,烟道出口S元素含量增加明显,Ca、Mg、K等元素略有增加,蒸发后产物大致相同,由于温度的不同,旋转雾化条件主要是以莫来石、SiO_2、Al_2O_3、 KCl、MgSO_4、CaSO_4·0.5H_2O为主,主烟道蒸发则是以莫来石、SiO_2、Al_2O_3、KCl、MgSO_4·H_2O、CaSO_4·0.5H_2O和CaSO_4·2H_2O等为主;废水中氯离子浓度对氯元素以HCl形式进入烟气影响不大,而碱性脱硫废水则可以有效抑制其以HCl形式析出。     

Quantification and source characterization of volatile organic compounds from exercising and application of chlorine-based cleaning products in a university athletic center

Humans spend approximately 90% of their time indoors, impacting their own air quality through occupancy and activities. Human VOC emissions indoors from exercise are still relatively uncertain, and questions remain about emissions from chlorine-based cleaners. To investigate these and other issues, the ATHLETic center study of Indoor Chemistry (ATHLETIC) campaign was conducted in the weight room of the Dal Ward Athletic Center at the University of Colorado Boulder. Using a Vocus Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (Vocus PTR-TOF), an Aerodyne Gas Chromatograph (GC), an Iodide-Chemical Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (I-CIMS), and Picarro cavity ringdown spectrometers, we alternated measurements between the weight room and supply air, allowing for determination of VOC, NH₃, H₂O, and CO₂ emission rates per person (emission factors). Human-derived emission factors were higher than previous studies of measuring indoor air quality in rooms with individuals at rest and correlated with increased CO₂ emission factors. Emission factors from personal care products (PCPs) were consistent with previous studies and typically decreased throughout the day. In addition, N-chloraldimines were observed in the gas phase after the exercise equipment was cleaned with a dichlor solution. The chloraldimines likely originated from reactions of free amino acids with HOCl on gym surfaces.     

Mechanism in chlorine-enhanced Pd catalyst for H2O2 in situ synthesis in electro-Fenton system

Palladium-based catalysts have been widely employed in the electro-Fenton process for in situ generation of H₂O₂. However, the process is still far from being practical on a large scale. In this work, a series of Cl_xFePd/γ-Al₂O₃/Al catalysts were prepared by a three-step-impregnation method. They exhibited excellent activity in H₂O₂ in situ synthesis and high efficiency in phenol degradation. The characterization results showed that Cl could assist in increasing the content of Pd⁰ and reducing the isoelectric point of catalysts, which led to the drastic promotion in the synthesis of H₂O₂. Theoretical calculations further demonstrated that Cl doping could facilitate the main reaction in H₂O₂ synthesis, as well as inhibit side reactions such as dissociation of the O O bond. Furthermore, kinetic models were proposed and fitted. A plausible reaction mechanism as well as degradation pathways were elaborated based on electron spin resonance and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry results. These findings illustrate the value of palladium-based Cl_xFePd/γ-Al₂O₃/Al catalysts for their application in the electro-Fenton process.     

煤热解过程中氯的脱除研究

氯是煤中对环境有严重危害的微量有害元素之一。研究煤中氯的释放特性对于煤中氯的脱除和控制具有重要意义。文中测定了煤中氯在不同的煤热解温度下的脱除率，探讨了氯在热解过程中的析出规律。结果表明，煤中氯随温度的析出均符合S型函数关系；不同煤种，氯的析出温度区间不同；当热解温度为1000℃时，煤中氯基本脱除。     

煤燃烧过程中氯析出特性的试验研究

采用石英管管式炉进行试验，研究了温度、气氛、空气流量、停留时间对煤中氯析出特性的影响。燃烧过程中煤中氯基本上是以HCl形式析出。200℃开始氯析出，到600℃时90％氯已析出。1000℃氧化性气氛燃烧时，煤中氯的转化在10min内基本完成，过量O2对转化率影响不大，但O2量不足却会造成HCl转化率明显下降。最后给出了煤燃烧过程中氯析出动力学方程。     

Effect of oxidants on microalgal flocculation

The effects of chlorine, ozone and chlorine dioxide on Scenedesmus sp. cultures were studied. Algal cell viability and chlorophyll concentration decreased, and the concentration of dissolved organic substances increased with increasing applied oxidant concentration. Pretreatment with chlorine dioxide (1, 3 or 5 mg l⁻¹) or ozone (2.6, 4.6 or 8.1 mg l⁻¹) on algal cultures enhanced algal flocculation with alum, while prechlorination with 10 or 20 mg l⁻¹ increased the required dosage of alum by 15%. Scanning electron micrographs of oxidized cells revealed drastically adverse effects upon the cell surface architecture: in addition to the oxidation of noncellular organic materials, the oxidants damaged both cell surface structures and intracellular components. A model explaining the effects of the different oxidants on microalgal flocculation is suggested.     

多年冻土和人工冻土的爆破试验与方法研究

阐述了冻土爆破方法研究的必要性 ,介绍了冻土爆破漏斗、掏槽爆破及光面爆破试验的研究成果 ,根据近几年的理论研究和现场实验研究 ,总结了我国多年冻土和季节冻土的爆破方法及矿山冻结法施工的冻土爆破方法。