Water vapor volatilization and oxidation induced surface cracking of environmental barrier coating systems: A numerical approach

A numerical model is developed for surface crack propagation in brittle ceramic coatings, aiming at the intrinsic failure of rare-earth silicate environmental barrier coating systems (EBCs) under combustion conditions in advanced gas turbines. The main features of progressive degradation of EBCs in such conditions are captured, including selective silica vaporization in the top coat due to exposure to water vapor, diffusion path-dependent bond coat oxidation, as well as crack propagation during cyclic thermal loading. In light of these features, user-defined subroutines are implemented in finite element analysis, where surface crack growth is simulated by node separation. Numerical results are validated by existing experimental data, in terms of monosilicate layer thickening, thermal oxide growth, and fracture behaviors. The experimentally observed quasi-linear oxidation in the early stage is also elucidated. Furthermore, it is suggested that surface crack undergoes rapid propagation in the late stage of extended thermal cycling in water vapor and leads to catastrophic failure, driven by both thermal mismatch and oxide growth stresses. The latter is identified as the dominant mechanism of penetration. Based on detailed analyses of failure mechanisms, the optimization strategy of EBCs composition is proposed, balancing the trade-off between mechanical compliance and erosion resistance.     

纳米级超声造影剂的理论研究进展

为了克服超声造影剂中微米级气泡尺寸较大的局限性,大量研究人员对超声应用的替代造影剂(纳米级造影剂)进行了研究。随着生物纳米技术的飞速发展,纳米级超声造影剂在诊断与治疗领域有着广阔的发展前景。与超声造影剂中的微米级气泡相比,纳米级造影剂粒径较小,渗透能力极强,可以通过血管内皮间隙,进而可以实现血管外病变部位的显影。文中详细论述了超声造影剂在超声作用下的行为以及2种主要的纳米级造影剂:纳米气泡和纳米液滴造影剂,对其理论研究进展进行了总结,并提出了目前仍存在的一些问题及其未来的研究方向。     

CuO-SiO2气凝胶@TiO2纳米纤维无牺牲剂光催化还原CO2

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备CuO-SiO2复合气凝胶,通过在气凝胶孔道内填充TiCl4,然后将其气相水解,得到了在CuO-SiO2气凝胶表面生长了高结晶度的TiO2纳米纤维(CuO-SiO2@TiO2),纤维直径～16 nm.通过XPS、UPS、UV-Vis DRS、荧光光谱(PL)等表征了材料的结构及光电性能.结果表明,制备的CuO-SiO2@TiO2对可见光有明显吸收,且荧光强度较商用TiO2(P25)大幅降低,光生电子-空穴对更加稳定.再在纳米纤维上负载CuO,所得CuO-SiO2@TiO2/CuO在可见光区的荧光强度进一步增强.以300 W氙灯为光源,分别以CuO-SiO2@TiO2及CuO-SiO2@TiO2/CuO为催化剂,无牺牲剂条件下光催化还原CO2,4 h后甲醇产率分别为1304.0及1589.0μmol/g-cat,转换频率(TOF)分别为0.038及0.046 h–1.循环实验表明,纳米纤维具有较好的光催化稳定性,经过4次光催化循环实验后,CuO-SiO2@TiO2/CuO的保留率～94％,甲醇产率可达1472.0μmol/g-cat,TOF为0.042 h–1.     

电网设备线夹开裂原因

某电力公司变电站用铝合金设备线夹在运行过程发生批次开裂事故,通过宏观观察、断口分析、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、冷冻模拟试验等方法,对设备线夹的开裂原因和开裂机理进行了分析。结果表明:设备线夹焊缝存在焊接缺陷,导致焊缝强度下降;设备线夹接线管底部存在积水空间,寒冷天气下积水结冰,体积膨胀,使焊缝承受设计工况外的负载而过载开裂,造成了线夹开裂。     

Green sonochemistry fabrication of pure Gd2Sn2O7 nanoparticles with advanced photocatalytic efficiency for elimination of dye pollutions

The insufficiency of clean water sources has become a perilous tension for the future of the world that one of the eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions is the photocatalytic process for removal of artificial dyes and poisonous organic impurities. In the current research, an eco-friendly sonochemistry process was accomplished to gain Gd₂Sn₂O₇ (GSO) nanoparticles with progressive photo-catalytic proficiency. Lysine amino acid as a green capping agent and ethylenediamine (en) as an alkaline agent were utilized with effective surface categories aiming to manage the growth of formed nuclei with the design of spatial barriers around the metal cations and lastly, stop nano-sample accumulation. The figure and dimension of products was studied by various characterization procedures of spectroscopic and microscopic. The photo-degradation performances of the pure Gd₂Sn₂O₇, Gd₂Sn₂O₇/SnO₂ and Gd₂Sn₂O₇/SnO₂/Gd₂O₃ nanocomposites were tested to the removal of diverse synthetic dyes. The outcome of the type of dye, nano-catalyst composition, pH and scavenger kind was labeled on modifying ability of Gd-Sn-O nano-catalyst task. Optimized Gd₂Sn₂O₇/SnO₂/Gd₂O₃ nanocomposites have an efficiency of 98% for degradation of erythrosine dye that ^?OH radicals support photo-degradation of contamination.     

两种混合单元混合机理的数值模拟

为了研究SV型和SX型混合单元在全静态乳化器的混合机理,使用群体平衡模型对乳化器内部流场进行模拟分析。结果表明,SV型与SX型混合单元的混合机理是油相与水相材料通过混合单元时其空间流动方向改变,在流场内形成大量的漩涡,从而达到乳化的目的;通过比较流体在经过SV型和SX型混合单元后的水相索特平均直径(d_(32)),得出SV型混合单元的乳化效果更强,但同时消耗更多的能量,压降更大。     

减水剂类型对赤泥—矿渣基地聚物注浆材料性能的影响及机理研究

针对赤泥等固体废弃物对环境危害性大且利用率低等问题,以碱激发赤泥-矿渣基地聚物注浆材料为 研究对象,研究了不同掺量的聚羧酸(PA)减水剂、醛酮缩合物(AKC)减水剂和萘系(N)减水剂对材料凝结时间、流动 性及强度等的影响,并通过 XRD、傅里叶红外光谱及 SEM 等设备对减水剂的作用机理进行研究。 结果表明:减水剂增 强了材料的流动性但降低了材料的剪切应力;N 和 PA 减水剂能缩短材料的凝结时间,但 AKC 减水剂会延长材料的凝 结时间;N 和 AKC 减水剂能提高材料的强度,但 PA 减水剂会降低材料的强度;N 减水剂对材料的综合性能提升效果 更加明显,其最优掺量为 0. 7%;减水剂对赤泥-矿渣基地聚物性能提升的作用机理主要是促进地聚合物凝胶的形成。 研究成果为拓展赤泥在工程上的使用途径和效率提供了理论指导。     

高应力软岩巷道锚注一体化联合支护技术应用

介绍了国家专利注锚剂、中空注浆锚索等产品,以国家能源麦朵山煤矿11采区2煤辅助运输巷为研究对象,采用数值模拟、理论分析、现场测试及井下试验相结合的综合研究方法,对11采区2煤辅助运输巷采用锚注一体联合支护技术,来实现对岩体裂隙注浆,使浆料与岩体结为一体,在围岩与支护体共同作用过程中,实现强岩增荷的作用,维护巷道的稳定性,实现工作面的安全生产。     

Stabilization of natural gas foams using different surfactants at high pressure and high temperature conditions

Natural gas foam can be used for mobility control and channel blocking during natural gas injection for enhanced oil recovery, in which stable foams need to be used at high reservoir temperature, high pressure and high water salinity conditions in field applications. In this study, the performance of methane (CH₄) foams stabilized by different types of surfactants was tested using a high pressure and high temperature foam meter for surfactant screening and selection, including anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), non-anionic surfactant (alkyl polyglycoside), zwitterionic surfactant (dodecyl dimethyl betaine) and cationic surfactant (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), and the results show that CH₄-SDS foam has much better performance than that of the other three surfactants. The influences of gas types (CH₄, N₂, and CO₂), surfactant concentration, temperature (up to 110°C), pressure (up to 12.0 MPa), and the presence of polymers as foam stabilizer on foam performance was also evaluated using SDS surfactant. The experimental results show that the stability of CH₄ foam is better than that of CO₂ foam, while N₂ foam is the most stable, and CO₂ foam has the largest foam volume, which can be attributed to the strong interactions between CO₂ molecules with H₂O. The foaming ability and foam stability increase with the increase of the SDS concentration up to 1.0 wt% (0.035 mol/L), but a further increase of the surfactant concentration has a negative effect. The high temperature can greatly reduce the stability of CH₄-SDS foam, while the foaming ability and foam stability can be significantly enhanced at high pressure. The addition of a small amount of polyacrylamide as a foam stabilizer can significantly increase the viscosity of the bulk solution and improve the foam stability, and the higher the molecular weight of the polymer, the higher viscosity of the foam liquid film, the better foam performance.     

Revisit the Pitot static tubes in the standards

A Pitot tube is a popular device used for the measurements of flow fields. To control the accuracy of the Pitot tube coefficient, the international standard organization (ISO), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) issued guidelines that recommended the shape and working conditions of these devices. However, many Pitot tubes on the market do not follow these guidelines. In the present study, various types of Pitot tubes in the market were tested at the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) to determine the effects of the geometry and flow characteristics. The results revealed certain limitations in the existing ISO and JIS standards, specifically with regard to the recommended design parameters of the AMCA Pitot tube, the reference coefficient value for the JIS Pitot tube, and the redefinition and limitation of Reynolds numbers pertaining to Pitot tube working conditions.