Strength and deformation properties of frozen sand under a true triaxial stress condition

In recent years, the mechanical properties of frozen soils under complex stress states have attracted significant attention; however, limited by the test apparatus, true triaxial tests on frozen soils have rarely been conducted. To study the strength and deformation properties of frozen sand under a true triaxial stress state, a novel frozen soil testing system, i.e., a true triaxial apparatus, was developed. The apparatus is mainly composed of a temperature control system, a servo host system, a hydraulic servo loading system, and a digital control system. Several true triaxial tests were conducted at a constant minor principal stress (σ₃) and constant intermediate principal stress ratio (b) to study the effect of intermediate principal stress (σ₂) on the mechanical properties of frozen sand. The test results showed that the stress–strain curve can be mainly divided into three stages, with evidence of strain hardening characteristics. The strength, elastic modulus, and friction angle increased with the increase in b from 0 to 0.6, but decreased when increasing b from 0.6 to 1, whereas the cohesion varied little with the variation in b. The deformation in the direction of σ₂ changed from dilative to compressive and that in the direction of σ₃ remained dilative throughout.     

抗坏血酸盐浸渍冷冻对东北冻梨食用品质的影响

目的探究抗坏血酸盐浸渍冷冻处理对冻梨果实食用和营养品质的影响。方法以南果梨为试验材料,分别采用0.5、1.0、3.0 g/L异抗坏血酸钠和0.5、1.0、3.0 g/L抗坏血酸钙溶液进行浸渍冷冻,对制得冻梨果实的色泽、褐变程度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、感官评价、石细胞含量、抗坏血酸含量和总酚含量进行分析。结果与空白组相比,异抗坏血酸钠与抗坏血酸钙溶液浸渍冷冻均可有效改善冻梨果实的色泽,抑制其褐变程度,维持其可溶性固形物含量,提高可滴定酸、抗坏血酸和总酚含量,并降低其石细胞含量,维持其较高的感官品质。结论抗坏血酸钙质量浓度为3.0 g/L时所得冻梨品质最优,为传统东北冻梨加工方式提供了技术支撑。     

关于混凝土综合蓄热法施工中几个问题的探讨

砼综合蓄热法施工已被广泛应用,本文重点分析关于几种方法的合理选择。     

Interface shear strength characteristics of steel piles in frozen clay under varying exposure temperature

The ultimate shaft capacity of pile foundations in frozen grounds has long been correlated to the long-term shear strength of the surrounding frozen soils using a surficial roughness factor “m”. This roughness factor is different for different pile materials (e.g., steel, concrete, and timber), but is often assumed to be constant for any soil type, ground temperature, or stress condition. The current study evaluates the validity of the proposed roughness factor “m” for steel piles embedded in frozen clay and exposed to different scenarios of ground temperatures and normal stress levels. Interface element tests were utilized to characterize the shear strength of frozen Leda clay and the adfreeze strength of the pile-frozen clay interface and to investigate the proposed roughness factor “m” for steel piles exposed to various temperatures and normal stress conditions. The experiments were carried out in a walk-in temperature-controlled environmental chamber. Roughness factor “m” was found not to be a constant number for a given pile material, but rather to decrease with an increase in the freezing temperature. A frictional factor “n”, analogous to roughness factor “m”, was also introduced to correlate the frictional resistance of frozen soil to the frictional resistance of the pile-soil interface. A temperature-dependent empirical equation was also proposed for predicting the shaft capacity of steel piles based on the shear strength parameters of the surrounding ice-rich clay soil.     

Quality and Emulsion Stability of Milk from Ettawah Crossed Bred Goat During Frozen Storage

Goat milk has specific chemical composition and physical properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of milk quality and emulsion stability during 60 d frozen storage. Milk sample was taken from three Ettawah Crossedbred goats that were divided into three groups. Samples were frozen and stored for 0, 30 and 60 days. At the end of each storage periode, milk sample was thawed in the refrigerator and analyzed for total number of bacteria, chemical (acidity, pH, free fatty acids), physical (alcohol test, clot on boiling test) quality, and emulsion stability. The microbiological and chemical data were analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA, whereas physical quality and emulsion stabilty were expressed qualitatively. There were no change in the total bacteria, acidity, pH and free fatty acid (FFA) of milk during storage, whereas the assessment by 70% alcohol showed positive since 0 d. Emulsions stability changed after 30 d of storage. While, the clot on boiling (COB) test of milk was positive at 60 d of storage. Recommendation is frozen storage of goat milk should not longer than 30 d.     

熔盐冷冻壁应用中关键工艺影响因素研究

在熔盐堆燃料干法处理流程中,处理设备面临着严重的材质腐蚀问题。熔盐冷冻壁技术被视为保护相关设备耐受化学腐蚀的有效方法,而冷冻壁厚度的稳定控制是干法处理流程应用冷冻壁技术实现处理工艺目的的关键。基于自行研制的冷冻壁实验装置,模拟了干法处理中熔盐冷冻壁的应用工况,考察了导热油进口温度、熔盐初始温度、加热器功率、冷冻壁初始厚度对冷冻壁厚度变化的影响,得到了各个因素的影响规律,并总结了最佳的应用工艺条件。利用热流量的变化分析了冷冻壁厚度变化的原因:热流量越大,冷冻壁厚度减小量越大,达到平衡时,热流量越大,冷冻壁平衡厚度越小。通过实验数据拟合得到了线热流密度与冷冻壁平衡厚度的关系式,平均相对误差11.2%。     

Frozen mirabelle plum drying: Kinetics, modelling and impact on biochemical properties

The aim of this research was to study and model the kinetics of the hot air drying of frozen mirabelle plums. Effects of temperature (50-85 °C), air velocity (0.6-1.2 m/s) and a pre-treatment (ascorbic acid + sucrose-saturated solution) were investigated. The sorption isotherm and heat of sorption of mirabelle plum were mathematically described respectively by the Guggenheim, Anderson and de Boer (GAB) model and a new one. Depending on temperature and air velocities, the effective diffusivity and the energy of activation were respectively in the range of 8-16.8 × 10⁻¹⁰ m² s⁻¹ and 43.7-55.14 kJ mol⁻¹. To establish the model best adapted to describe this process the fit quality of five models (Newton, page, modified page, logarithmic and diffusion) were evaluated and compared. The diffusion model led to low values of reduced χ-square, mean square root and mean relative deviation modulus with the highest linear regression coefficient. This model was validated in a large range of operating conditions and represents an excellent tool to predict the duration of this process. The pre-treatment preserves biochemical properties of the dried mirabelle plums (reducing sugar content, total phenolic compounds and anti-oxidant activity).     

Retention of oxalates in frozen products of three brassica species depending on the methods of freezing and preparation for consumption

The investigation showed that fresh brassicas: Brussels sprouts, broccoli, green cauliflower and white cauliflower respectively contained 50 mg, 67 mg, 72 mg and 95 mg oxalates in 100 g fresh matter. Soluble oxalates constituted 70%, 40%, 40% and 54% of total oxalates respectively. The cooked product obtained from traditionally prepared frozen vegetables (blanching-freezing-refrigerated storage-cooking) contained 45-66% of soluble oxalates. The product obtained from frozen vegetables produced using the modified method (cooking-freezing-refrigerated storage-defrosting and heating in a microwave oven) contained more oxalates than that obtained using the traditional method. The oxalate: calcium ratio in fresh vegetables varied considerably: 0.63 (Brussels sprouts); 1.10 (broccoli); 1.27 (green cauliflower); and 2.42 (white cauliflower). In products prepared for consumption the ratios were lower. The proportion of calcium bound as calcium oxalate differed between the vegetables investigated, but the treatments applied did not influence this parameter. The apparent retention of oxalate overestimated the true retention.     

Seasonally Frozen Soil Effects on the Seismic Site Response

Several large-magnitude earthquakes, including the Prince William Sound earthquake of March 1964 and the Denali earthquake of November 2002, occurred in the state of Alaska and caused considerable damages to its transportation system, including damage to several highway bridges and related infrastructure. Some of these damages are related to frozen soil effects. However, only limited research has been carried out to investigate the effects of frozen soils on seismic site responses. A systematic investigation of seasonally frozen soil effects on the seismic site response has been conducted and is presented in this paper. One bridge site in Anchorage, Alaska, was selected to represent typical sites with seasonally frozen soils. A set of input ground motions was selected from available strong-motion databases and scaled to generate an ensemble of hazard-consistent input motions. One-dimensional equivalent linear analysis was adopted to analyze the seismic site response for three seismic hazard levels, i.e., maximum considered earthquake (MCE), AASHTO design, and service design level hazards. Parametric studies were conducted to assess the sensitivity of the results to uncertainties associated with the thickness and shear-wave velocity of seasonally frozen soils. The results show that the spectral response of ground motions decreases as the thickness of seasonally frozen soil increases, and the results are insensitive to the shear-wave velocity of seasonally frozen soils. In conclusion, it is generally conservative to ignore the effects of seasonally frozen soils on seismic site response in the design of highway bridges.     

关于负温混凝土的受冻临界强度的探讨

本文对JGJ104—97《建筑工程冬期施工规程》、GB50119—2003《混凝土外加剂应用技术规范》和JC475—2004《混凝土防冻剂》中对负温混凝土的“受冻临界强度”进行了探讨。