探讨景观理念在水厂设计中的应用

现代景观建筑学利用艺术和科学原理对自然环境和人工环境进行研究、规划、设计和管理。文章基于具体的设计实例,探讨景观理念在水厂设计中的应用。     

Acrylamide in Romanian food using HPLC-UV and a health risk assessment

The aim of this study was to investigate the level of acrylamide from coffee, potato chips and French fries in Romanian food. According to the European Food Safety Authority, coffee beans, potato chips and French fries have the highest levels of acrylamide. For this survey, 50 samples of coffee beans, 50 samples of potato chips and 25 samples of French fries were purchased from different producers from the Romanian market. Acrylamide levels have been quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method, using water as mobile phase. Health risk assessment was achieved by computing the average daily intake, hazard quotient, cumulative risk, carcinogenic risk and cancer risk. For coffee, potato chips and French fries, acrylamide was not shown to pose a health risk in Romanian food.     

A two-year investigation towards an effective quality control of incoming potatoes as an acrylamide mitigation strategy in french fries

The current entrance quality control used in the french fries industry is done based on colour evaluation with a United States Department of Agriculture/Munsell colour chart (after a short frying test, typically 180°C for 3?min). On the basis of a study carried out during two consecutive potato storage seasons, the possibility of a more effective entrance control of the raw potato tubers in order to identify batches of potatoes prone to acrylamide formation was evaluated. The current entrance control was compared to two other colour evaluation methods (CIE L*a*b* colour parameters and a process-specific Agtron analyser) and to reducing sugar content determination. Seasonal variability did not affect the slopes of the linear correlation models, for most of the parameters studied. The determination of colour formation measured by the Agtron methodology and reducing sugar content allowed a better identification of batches of potatoes prone to acrylamide formation compared with the current entrance control. Different scenarios represented by decision trees for quality control measures for incoming potatoes were evaluated while considering the investigation value of 600?µg?kg^–1 for french fries recently prescribed by the European Commission. Samples were categorised based on predictions of threshold values and acrylamide levels in the final product.     

Comparison of the stability of palm olein and a palm olein/canola oil blend during deep‐fat frying of chicken nuggets and French fries

Stability of palm olein (PO) and a blend 50% palm olein/50% canola oil (POC) during deep‐fat frying at 180 °C of French fries (FF) or chicken nuggets (CN) was studied through the determination of physical and chemical parameters in the fresh and used oils. Degradation at the end of the study resulted in total polar compounds of 12–13.5% for PO and 11.5–14.5% for POC and viscosity of 65–123.3 cP for PO and 63–72.8 cP for POC. Lower peroxide values (5.33–6.32) were obtained for the blend (PO had 5.21–8.55). Food type affected colour parameters and p‐anisidine value of the oils. For CN, the lowest fat content and higher hardness were obtained when they were fried in PO. CN caused a faster deterioration in the oils, in comparison with FF, especially in POC. Gas chromatography allowed to observe differences in fatty acids composition for both used oils.     

西北某机场盲沟施工工艺

以西北某建立在黄土高坡上的机场为例,为了有效排水,分析了盲管的材料选择要求,制定出了适合该机场的盲沟布置方案,阐述了盲沟的施工工艺及技术要点,可为相关施工技术人员提供参考。     

鄂东南沿江湖区“灌江纳苗”的认知度调查

本文对拟开展＂灌江纳苗＂工作的目标湖区进行实地调查和深度访谈,调查了大冶湖、网湖、海口湖、朱婆湖四个不同通江湖泊受访人群对＂灌江纳苗＂的知晓率和支持率,并采用问卷调查的方式研究了四个目标湖泊养殖鱼类年产量的变化情况以及四湖受访人群对养殖鱼类品种了解程度。结果显示,在目标湖区开展灌江纳苗工作有一定的群众基础,但也存在一定的工作难度;目标湖区的经济鱼类品种在减少,实施灌江纳苗工作已迫在眉睫。     

不同烹饪条件下食物中反式酸含量变化的研究

大量研究已经证明食物中的反式酸对人体健康有害,目前国外人们日常餐饮主要采用煎炸方式烹饪食物,而国内餐饮主要采用煎炒食物的烹饪操作,研究烹饪过程中反式酸含量的变化情况有着重要意义。采用煎炸鸡翅和薯条,煎炒土豆丝和肉丝的方法,来考察食物在烹饪过程中反式酸的变化情况。试验结果显示:煎炸完鸡翅后,鸡翅反式酸含量从起始的0.032 g/100 g变化到0.178 g/100 g(P<0.05)。煎炸完薯条后,薯条的反式酸含量从起始的0.019 g/100 g变化到0.269 g/100 g(P<0.05)。煎炒完土豆丝和肉丝后,食物反式酸含量由起始的0 g/100 g和0.017 g/100 g变化到0.037 g/100 g(P>0.05)和0.023 g/100 g(P>0.05)。上述试验结果说明煎炒后食物中反式酸的含量变化不显著,虽然煎炸后食物中反式酸的含量显著升高,但其反式酸的总量都小于0.30 g/100 g,均处于较低的水平。     

The Effect of Food Type (Fish Nuggets or French Fries) on Oil Blend Degradation during Repeated Frying

Abstract: Oil that is reused multiple times for deep frying goes through changes in chemical composition and physical characteristics, affecting the quality of the fried foods. In this study, the effect of the food type (fish nuggets or French fries) on the degradation of an oil blend during the deep‐fat frying of each food at 180°C during 12 days was determined, and the characteristics of the fried products were evaluated. The degradation of oil during repeated use was relatively faster when fish nuggets were fried than when French fries were fried, as higher values of total polar compounds were obtained. Practical Application: The results are useful for producers of French fries and fish nuggets, such as restaurants or fast foods sellers, providing them with practical guidelines within the permitted values established by the regulatory authorities. The studied foods have high economic importance and are different in their composition. Under the studied conditions, the tested oil blend may be used during 4 d (4 h per day) with a daily replenishment, without discarding the oil when frying fish nuggets, and must be discarded after 8 d when French fries are processed. This suggestion allows preparing safe fried foods for consumers.     

Comparison of the Frying Performance of Olive Oil and Palm Superolein

Abstract: Deep‐fat frying is an important method of food preparation in which foods are immersed in hot oil. Repeated use of frying oils is a common practice, and in the presence of atmospheric oxygen it produces various undesirable reactions in used oils. Stable frying oils usually require low linolenic acid (LnA < 3%), increased oleic acid (OA > 40%), and decreased linoleic acid (LA < 50%). The aim of this study was to establish the behavior of palm superolein (PSO) (OA 45%; LA 12.5%; LnA 0.2%) and olive oil (OO) during repeated, discontinuous deep frying of French fries. The behavior of the oils under controlled heating conditions was also studied by maintaining all of the process variables the same as those in deep frying, except that there was no food in the oil. The PSO selected to be tested in this study may represent an alternative to OO as a frying medium. Although PSO presented a faster increase in some oxidation indices, such as free fatty acid and total polar compounds, for other indicators, PSO showed better behavior than OO (less formation of C8:0 and lower peroxide value). Practical Application: The super palm olein selected for use in this study can be suggested as a suitable replacement for olive oil for frying and cooking purposes because it provides higher oxidative stability besides the beneficial effects of olive oil on human health. In fact, several studies have indicated that palm oil exhibits similar frying performance to high‐oleic oils, with the advantages of greater availability in the market and a lower price.