Sustainable phenolic thermosets coatings derived from urushiol

The over-exploitation of finite fossil resources and/or the increased environmental and sustainable awareness inspire scientists and technologists to search for inexpensive alternatives from renewable chemicals. Phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins, the oldest type of synthetic polymers with good mechanical properties and heat resistance, are widely used in the production of coatings, laminates, molding compositions, and glues. Here, biobased urushiol-derived PF resins were synthesized from the alkali-catalyzed reaction between urushiol and formaldehyde. The chemical compositions and molecular structures of resole resins were characterized by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and their curing behaviors were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The as-prepared urushiol-derived resole resins had methylol (Ph−CH₂OH), ortho- and para-hemiformal groups (Ph−CH₂OCH₂OH), and the para−para/ortho−para/ortho−ortho links of methylene groups (Ph−CH₂−Ph), whereas the resole resins had low curing temperatures at about 100–113°C. Additionally, given the long side alkyl group moiety on the aromatic rings of urushiol, the films of cured urushiol-derived resole resins had low glass transition temperatures of 132 ± 2°C. Furthermore, the as-prepared urushiol-derived coatings exhibited excellent physical and mechanical properties.     

改性防护蜡对轮胎胎侧胶性能的影响

研究改性防护蜡对轮胎胎侧胶性能的影响。结果表明,与传统防护蜡相比,改性防护蜡异构烷烃质量分数较小,结晶尺寸小且致密程度高。改性防护蜡可在不影响胎侧胶硫化特性和物理性能的前提下,大幅提高胎侧胶抗喷霜性能,保证轮胎表面不受臭氧侵蚀,在防止裂纹产生的同时明显改善成品轮胎外观。     

唐代中日佛教干漆造像交流研究——以鉴真东渡为例

文章以唐代中日佛教干漆造像交流为研究对象,以鉴真东渡为切入点,通过历史文献等资料整理,从历史学和社会学,艺术学,设计学的角度对鉴真东渡的历史背景、鉴真六次东渡及东渡后对日本佛教干漆造像的影响三个方面进行分析和阐述,结合日本奈良时代特定的历史环境和背景,探究唐代中日佛教干漆造像交流脉络,揭示鉴真东渡及其团队对日本佛教干漆造像的深远影响,为唐代中日佛教干漆造像交流研究提供新的研究思路。     

费托蜡催化裂化反应生产清洁汽油的热力学分析

费托蜡主要由链烷烃组成，不含硫、氮等杂原子，是生产清洁汽油的优质原料。由于缺少芳烃和环烷烃，费托蜡催化裂化过程需要强化异构化、芳构化反应以实现降低汽油馏分烯烃含量、保持高辛烷值的目标。对费托蜡为原料的催化裂化反应体系进行热力学分析，重点计算了不同温度下生成汽油馏分主要烃类的反应焓变和反应平衡常数。研究结果表明，以大分子链烷烃为主的费托蜡，其裂化吸热反应焓变约为80 kJ/mol，反应平衡常数随温度的升高而增大，高温有利于一次裂化反应。对于异构化反应，主要是大分子链烷烃裂化为烯烃，再由烯烃分子转化为异构烷烃，因此对于异构化反应，可以通过优化反应器促进汽油烯烃的转化。在考察温度范围内，烯烃环化反应平衡常数随温度升高而减小，环烷烃脱氢芳构化反应平衡常数随温度升高而增大，所以适宜的反应温度是制约进一步增加汽油中芳烃的重要因素。     

The Effect of Addition of High-Melting Monoacylglycerol and Candelilla Wax on Pea and Faba Bean Protein Foam-Templated Oleogelation

Use of oleogels prepared from hydrocolloids has recently gained considerable attention as an alternative for trans and saturated fats. Lately, pulse proteins such as faba bean protein and pea protein have been successfully used to prepare oleogels using a foam-templated approach. Although the pulse proteins are healthy oleogelators, high oil loss and low quality of cake baked using pulse protein-stabilized oleogels due to its poor rheological properties challenged its use. The present study explored whether the addition of small amount of high-melting monoglyceride (MAG) or candelilla wax (CW) can be used to improve the oil binding capacity, rheological properties, and baking qualities of pulse protein-stabilized oleogels composed of 5% faba bean or pea protein concentrate with 0.25% xanthan gum foams. Different concentrations (0.5–3%) of MAG or CW were dissolved in canola oil at 80 °C, followed by addition into the freeze-dried protein-polysaccharide foams (pH 7) and quickly transferred to a refrigerator to facilitate the formation of oleogels. The crystallized additives were found to be reinforcing the protein foam network in the oleogels. With increase in concentration of CW and MAG, the oil binding capacity, firmness, cohesiveness, and storage moduli of the oleogels were increased. Oleogels with and without MAG or CW were then characterized and tested for their performance as a shortening replacer in model baked cakes. Findings showed improved textural properties of cake upon addition of MAG in the foam-templated oleogels, however, compared to the shortening, negative effect on cake hardness and chewiness was still observed with the oleogels.     

Study on wax precipitation characteristics of wax deposit in pipes

Wax deposit properties are a significant concern in pipeline pigging during waxy crude oil transportation. In the present work, the impacts of flow conditions and oil properties on the wax precipitation characteristics of wax deposits are investigated. A flow loop apparatus was developed to conduct wax deposition experiments using four crude oils collected from different field pipes. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique was employed to observe the wax precipitation characteristics of crude oil and wax deposit. The results show that the wax content and the wax appearance temperature (WAT) of the deposits increase with shear stress and radial temperature gradient, and decrease with radial wax molecule concentration gradient near the pipe wall. The DSC tests on the wax deposits revealed that the deposit wax content is strongly correlated to the oil wax content. Furthermore, an empirical correlation was developed to predict the wax content and the WAT of the wax deposit. Verification of the empirical correlation using the different oils indicated that the average relative error of the wax content prediction and average absolute error of WAT prediction were 13.2% and 3.6°C, respectively.