Three-dimensional visualization and quantification of microporosity in aluminum castings by X-ray micro-computed tomography

Porosity is a major issue in solidification processing of metallic materials.In this work,wedge die casting experiments were designed to investigate the effect of cooling rate on microporosity in an aluminum alloy A356.Microstructure information including dendrites and porosity were measured and observed by optical microscopy and X-ray micro-computed tomography(XMCT).The effects of cooling rate on secondary dendrite arm spacing(SDAS)and porosity were discussed.The relationship between SDAS and cooling rate was established and validated using a mathematical model.Three-dimensional(3-D)porosity information,including porosity percentage,pore volume,and pore number,was determined by XMCT.With the cooling rate decreasing from a lower to a higher position of the wedge die,the observed pore number decreases,the porosity percentage increases,and the equivalent pore radius increases.Sphericity of the pores was discussed as an empirical criterion to distinguish the types of porosity.For different cooling rates,the larger the equivalent pore radius is,the lower the sphericity of the pores.This research suggests that XMCT is a useful tool to provide critical 3-D porosity information for integrated computational materials engineering(ICME)design and process optimization of solidification products.     

高压XLPE电缆击穿的制造因素分析及有效控制

高压电缆尤其是超高压交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆在输电运行中一旦被击穿,将对电网造成巨大损害,给国家造成重大损失。同时,企业在生产制造过程中,一旦发生电缆局放值(PC值)超标,甚至耐压测试击穿,给企业造成的经济损失也非常巨大。该文从电击穿理论入手,对高压XLPE电缆的生产制造过程进行了分析研究,找出导致高压击穿及局放值超标的关键要点,如导体毛刺;导体半导电屏蔽带的电导率;模具及流道的磕碰、划伤;材料的洁净和储存;绝缘层中微孔的数量、大小、内应力等。通过对这些容易被忽视,而且又极其重要的生产制造环节进行剖析,并给出控制方法,以达到降低局放值和击穿频率,提高高压XLPE电缆整体品质的目的。     

A comparison of desorption process of Chinese and Australian lignites by dynamic vapour sorption

Modified BET model and Do and Do (D.D.) model were chosen to interpret the desorption process of water on hard and soft lignites. The organic and inorganic hydrophilic sites were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy. From the modified BET model, only a small part of hydrophilic sites (HSs) acted as effective primary sites due to space restraint, intramolecular hydrogen bond and maybe more than one hydrophilic site connecting with one water molecule. From the D.D. model, the total adsorption sites (S_t) of Loy Yang lignite (LY) is 18.7 mmol/g, which is higher than that of Shengli (SL) 17.0 mmol/g in spite of lower primary sites, and the saturation concentration of water (q_us) in the micropore of LY is 33.7 mmol/g, which is much higher than that of SL (12.5 mmol/g). So the high moisture-holding capacity of LY is mainly determined by the high S_t and q_us, and not the primary sites. The size of water clusters entering the micropores is 7 for SL and 6 for LY, which is related to relative location of HS. When dewatered, the higher total sites density and smaller water cluster size of LY both implied higher dewatering energy.     

土壤中黑碳的分离及其孔结构分析

采用化学氧化法从土壤中提取黑碳样品，并用扫描电镜、吸附脱附等温线、H-K 微孔分布、BJH 中孔分布分析了土壤中黑碳的孔结构情况。     

构造煤微孔特征及成因探讨

基于不同变形类型和程度气煤、焦煤和无烟煤级构造煤样品的微孔（孔径<2 nm）测试结果,分析煤中微孔随煤级和变形的变化规律,探讨微孔成因。结果表明：煤中微孔孔径呈3峰分布,分别为峰1（0.457 7~0.548 0 nm）、峰2（0.548 0~0.686 3 nm）和峰3（0.785 5~0.899 0 nm）;弱和中等变形作用总体对各峰孔容和峰位影响不大,对应变形煤随煤级增高,气煤到焦煤除峰3孔容小幅增加外各峰对应孔容和峰位无明显变化,焦煤到无烟煤各峰对应孔容均显著增大,峰位则差异变化;较强和强变形作用导致峰1和峰2峰位向小孔径方向偏移,孔容除无烟煤峰2外显著提高,对峰3的影响表现在气煤和焦煤孔容小幅增加,无烟煤孔容显著减小,各煤级峰位始终固定不变;推断煤中微孔成因类型应为2种,分别对应于峰1+峰2和峰3的芳香层间孔和芳环有序堆叠形成的柱状孔。     

热轧变形对高碳TWIP钢组织缺陷和力学性能的影响

为解决高碳Fe-20Mn-3Cu-1.3C TWIP钢凝固组织中易形成显微疏松、损害合金的力学性能的问题,研究了在相同热轧温度下,改变轧制变形总量对合金微孔缺陷的消除及拉伸力学性能的影响.研究表明:通过热轧变形可以有效地减少Fe-20Mn-3Cu-1.3C TWIP钢的微孔缺陷,提高组织致密度;随着热轧变形量的增加,合金的综合力学性能显著提高,当热轧变形量达到91%时,该合金中的微孔面密度由固溶态的1.67%降低至0.71%,抗拉强度达到1223.7 MPa,延伸率达到86.8%,强塑积高达106217.2 MPa.%,比未热轧变形处理提高了78.3%,显示出优异的综合力学性能,表明消除微孔缺陷是充分发挥其高强韧性的关键.     

银额盆地哈日凹陷白垩系云质泥岩气藏特征与成藏条件

近年来,银额盆地哈日凹陷白垩系云质泥岩的天然气勘探获得了重大发现。为了研究泥岩气藏的储层特征、成藏条件、气藏分布规律及其控制因素,开展了构造背景分析、岩石学特征研究、物性分析、烃源岩有机地化测试和封盖条件评价等,并利用地震资料进行有利勘探区预测。结果表明：（1）哈日凹陷为一经历了断-坳运动单断箕状凹陷,在持续沉降的构造背景下形成了泥岩气藏;（2）烃源岩主要为大套富含有机质且处于过成熟阶段的含灰或灰质泥岩、含云或云质泥岩。部分泥岩储集层中发育多种类型的微孔隙和微裂缝,为天然气的成藏提供了良好的储集空间;（3）稳定的构造背景和良好的封盖条件有效阻止了油气的散失,使得大量天然气在源内聚集成藏,天然气储量约为243.2亿m³,单断箕状断陷的深凹带为泥岩气藏勘探的有利区。该研究成果对银额盆地泥岩气藏勘探具有指导作用。     

塔里木盆地轮南地区侏罗系砂岩储层成岩作用研究

根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X-衍射、阴极发光及物性分析资料,结合前人研究成果,对塔里木盆地 轮南地区侏罗系砂岩储层的成岩作用进行了综合分析,并确定了其成岩作用类型。对其成岩演化序列的 研究表明：该储层已达到早成岩B 期至晚成岩A 期初阶段,并以晚成岩A 期为主。早成岩A 期,压实作 用破坏了侏罗系砂岩的原生孔隙结构;晚成岩A 期,长石颗粒强烈的溶蚀作用使侏罗系下统砂岩储层中 发育溶蚀孔,构成了油气聚集的必要空间;伊利石、绿泥石、伊/蒙混层中发育的晶间微孔隙较大程度地改 善了侏罗系中、上统砂岩的储集性能。     

糯米粉的水分等温解吸及孔特性

糯米粉的等温解吸特性一方面对分析其与周围环境之间的水分传递十分必要,另一方面,还可用于计算糯米粉内孔的特性,借此加深对水分吸附机理的了解。本实验采用静态称质量法在10、20、30℃条件下测定糯米粉在10个水分活度解吸后的平衡水分含量,然后采用4个等温吸附模型对实验结果进行拟合,并分析糯米粉的孔特性。研究结果表明:糯米粉中水分的解吸属于典型的Ⅱ型吸附;Lewicki模型最能描述同一温度条件下的等温解吸过程,而GDW模型能够同时描述温度和水分活度对平衡水分含量的影响。糯米粉中同时存在微孔和介孔;孔径分布为单态分布,仅在微孔区域出现一单峰,温度变化仅对该峰的峰值产生影响;微孔体积随温度降低而增大;糯米粉的吸附面具有分形特性,随温度降低吸附表面的多孔性增强,单位吸附面积增大,最终导致吸附能力增强。