Omega-6支撑身体，Omega-3支撑大脑：均衡摄入对儿童大脑发育的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

人体大脑和身体的发育，需要从食物中摄取均衡的营养物质。人类大脑是区分人类和其他动物的特征。食物中的必需脂肪酸是机体组织结构和功能的必要组成部分。Omega-6（O6）亚油酸（LA6）是皮肤组织的组成成分，且是炎症、血栓形成、免疫和其他信号分子的前体；Omega-3（O3）α-亚麻酸（ALA3），特别是其长链代谢产物——二十二碳六烯酸（DHA3），是大脑、视网膜和部分神经组织中的关键组分。从富含LA6脂肪酸（缺乏O3脂肪酸）的植物籽中提取出的廉价而优质油脂，是20世纪的西方国家食品工业生产的主要脂肪来源。在代谢通路中，高浓度的LA6脂肪酸可拮抗O3脂肪酸代谢，造成O3脂肪酸不足，因此，在给怀孕动物的饲料中，只提供富含LA6但缺乏O3脂肪酸的油脂作为唯一的脂肪来源，会导致幼崽大脑发育不良。过去20~30年的研究表明，低含量LA6且含DHA3的油脂可改善大脑的功能。近年来的研究较多集中在营养因素对大脑发育的影响，最新研究数据表明，脂肪酸平衡对营养不良儿童的大脑发育尤为重要。世界卫生组织（WHO）越来越重视大脑的营养健康，通过其下属的食品法典委员会，建议用于治疗严重急性营养不良儿童的即食治疗食品中，使用含有均衡脂肪酸组成/构成的脂肪。同样，脂肪酸均衡对老年人可能也很重要。目前，业界已经有了调整油脂成分的方法，以确保脂肪酸均衡，从而维持人体整个生命周期的大脑健康。     

Agronomic performance of high oleic,low linolenic soybean in Tennessee

Soybean oil hydrogenation alters the linolenic acid molecule to prevent the oil from becoming rancid, however, health reports have indicated trans-fat caused by hydrogenation, is not generally regarded as safe. Typical soybeans contain approximately 80 g kg⁻¹ to 120 g kg⁻¹ linolenic acid and 240 g kg⁻¹ of oleic acid. In an effort to accommodate the need for high-quality oil, the United Soybean Board introduced an industry standard for a high oleic acid greater than 750 g kg⁻¹ and linolenic acid less than 30 g kg⁻¹ oil. By combing mutations in the soybean plant at four loci, FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B, oleate desaturase genes and FAD3A and FAD3C, linoleate desaturase genes, and seed oil will not require hydrogenation to prevent oxidation and produce high-quality oil. In 2017 and 2018, a study comparing four near-isogenic lines across multiple Tennessee locations was performed to identify agronomic traits associated with mutations in FAD3A and FAD3C loci, while holding FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B constant in the mutant (high oleic) state. Soybean lines were assessed for yield and oil quality based on mutations at FAD2-1 and FAD3 loci. Variations of wild-type and mutant genotypes were compared at FAD3A and FAD3C loci. Analysis using a generalized linear mixed model in SAS 9.4, indicated no yield drag or other negative agronomic traits associated with the high oleic and low linolenic acid genotype. All four mutations of fad2-1A, fad2-1B, fad3A, and fad3C were determined as necessary to produce a soybean with the new industry standard (>750 g kg⁻¹ oleic and <30 g kg⁻¹ linolenic acid) in a maturity group-IV-Late cultivar for Tennessee growers.     

Field Performance of High Oleic Soybeans with Mutant FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B Genes in Tennessee

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil with high oleic acid (>75%) has increased oxidative stability and health benefits that are valuable for food, fuel, and industrial products. It has been determined that two naturally occurring mutations in genes FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B can combine to produce high oleic soybeans. The objective of this study was to test the effect of these mutant alleles on seed yield and oil and protein concentration. Molecular markers assisted in the creation of a population of 48 BC₃F_2:4 lines (93.75% expected genome commonality). Each line was classified into one of four genotypic groups where both FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B genes were either homozygous wild type or mutant, respectively. Twelve lines for each genotypic group were evaluated in three replications at six locations across Tennessee. There was no seed yield difference between the high oleic genotypic group and the other groups (P < 0.05). On the other hand, there were differences in fatty acid profiles and oil and protein concentrations. In combination, the mutant FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B alleles produced a mean of 803.1 g kg⁻¹ oleic acid. This is, on average, approximately 500 g kg⁻¹ more oleic acid compared to soybean lines with only one mutant FAD2-1 allele. The high oleic double mutant group had more total oil (228.0 g kg⁻¹) and protein (401.0 g kg⁻¹) compared to all other genotypic groups (P < 0.05). Overall, this specific combination of mutant FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B alleles appears to generate conventional high oleic soybeans without a yield drag.     

两种高效低成本咪唑啉类缓蚀剂的研制

为了缓解油田设备因腐蚀引起的问题,实验通过有机合成方法,用苯甲酸(油酸)和三乙烯四胺及氯化苄合成得到咪唑啉季铵盐缓蚀剂,经过油酸咪唑啉季铵盐缓蚀剂与苯甲酸咪唑啉季铵盐缓蚀剂的复配后,通过静态失重法进行评价。结果表明这类缓蚀剂的最佳加药浓度为30 mg·L-1,此时两种酸类咪唑啉季铵盐含量比为2∶3时的缓蚀效率可以达到97.4%;主剂(苯甲酸∶油酸=2∶3)与硫脲、乌洛托品、乙酰苯胺按比例10∶5∶2∶1复配缓蚀效率可以达到98.4%,符合油田生产需求。     

水热法制备3D花球状Bi2SiO5及其光催化油酸酯化反应

化石燃料资源的枯竭和环境污染等问题,使寻找生物燃料等可持续、可再生能源成为世界关注的焦点。本文通过简单水热法制备3D花球状Bi₂SiO₅,并用于在模拟太阳光照射下油酸与甲醇的光催化酯化反应。为了解Bi₂SiO₅催化剂的物理、化学和光学性质,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）、氨-程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）和紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-vis DRS）对其进行表征,且通过傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析反应产物成分组成。酯化反应产物油酸甲酯的产率通过¹H NMR进行定量分析,计算过程简单、结果精确可靠。在模拟太阳光照射下,最优反应条件为：醇油比为12∶1、催化剂用量为5%（质量分数）、反应温度为70℃、光照反应时间为6h,油酸甲酯产率为28.8%。核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）分析结果显示油酸甲酯选择性高达100%,且催化剂循环3次后油酸甲酯产率仍可达26.8%,稳定性强。电子自旋共振（ESR）测试表明,Bi₂SiO₅光催化酯化反应过程中存在羟基自由基（·OH）和超氧基自由基（·O{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}）。基于Bi₂SiO₅首次用于光催化酯化反应,为解释其具有催化活性的原因,提出了其光催化酯化反应机理。     

Optimising the oil phases of aluminium hydrogel-stabilised emulsions for stable,safe and efficient vaccine adjuvant

To increase antibody secretion and dose sparing, squalene-in-water aluminium hydrogel (alum)-stabilised emulsions (ASEs) have been developed, which offer increased surface areas and cellular interactions for higher antigen loading and enhanced immune responses. Nevertheless, the squalene (oil) in previous attempts suffered from limited oxidation resistance, thus, safety and stability were compromised. From a clinical translational perspective, it is imperative to screen the optimal oils for enhanced emulsion adjuvants. Here, because of the varying oleic to linoleic acid ratio, soybean oil, peanut oil, and olive oil were utilised as oil phases in the preparation of aluminium hydrogel-stabilised squalene-in-water emulsions, which were then screened for their stability and immunogenicity. Additionally, the underlying mechanisms of oil phases and emulsion stability were unravelled, which showed that a higher oleic to linoleic acid ratio increased anti-oxidative capabilities but reduced the long-term storage stability owing to the relatively low zeta potential of the prepared droplets. As a result, compared with squalene-in-water ASEs, soybean-in-water ASEs exhibited comparable immune responses and enhanced stability. By optimising the oil phase of the emulsion adjuvants, this work may offer an alternative strategy for safe, stable, and effective emulsion adjuvants.