Shape optimization of bi-directional flow passage components based on a genetic algorithm and computational fluid dynamics

The inlet/outlet is an important part of a water conveyance system in a pumped storage power station (PSPS). Its hydraulic characteristics are directly related to the operation and economic benefit of the PSPS. Frequent changes between inflow and outflow operations pose significant challenges in the design of the inlet/outlet diffusion segment shape. In this study, an effective optimization method, including three-dimensional parametric modelling, computational fluid dynamics and a genetic algorithm, is introduced and coupled to the design of the diffusion segment shape. The hydraulic characteristics of bi-directional flow, including the head loss, velocity uneven distribution and uneven discharge distribution, are selected as the objective function in the optimization method. Using this method, the recommended shape of the inlet/outlet is studied and its hydraulic characteristics are discussed. The results indicate that the optimized inlet/outlet has better performance.     

Sustainable disassembly line balancing model based on triple bottom line

End of life (EOL) phase of a product is receiving more attention due to increase in environmental concerns, and many studies have been conducted for value creation in EOL, focusing on concepts as remanufacturing, reuse and recycling in sustainable production manner. This study especially focuses on one of global problem, e-waste. To minimise the amount of wastes and maximise recovered materials from EOL, disassembly is one of the most important concept, associated with reuse, and balancing disassembly line in an optimal way is essential for organisations. In disassembly line balancing (DLB), not only precedence of tasks, but also risk criteria related to environment and human safety should be considered for sustainability. The aim of this study is to propose a model based on triple bottom line (TBL) dimensions, i.e. human safety, environmental safety and business criteria. To achieve sustainability in DLB, and for risk assessment in sustainable DLB, it had been decided to use a multi-criteria method, i.e. TODIM, acronym in Portuguese of ‘Tomada de Decisão Iterativa Multicritério’. The proposed model included 22 disassembly criteria categorised under TBL dimensions, which are derived from the literature. Implementation of the study was conducted for computer disassembly processes, and as a result of the study approximately 12% an improvement in cycle time was succeeded. In the long run, the integration of sustainability in disassembly operations may contribute to the competitive advantage of the company in terms of differentiation and corporate image by achieving business, environment and human targets simultaneously.     

正偏心正交车铣精加工切削层几何形状研究

针对未考虑正偏心正交车铣切削层几何形状而导致难以全面反映正交车铣切削层几何形状变化规律的问题，基于正交车铣运动规律，在不考虑动力学影响的情况下，对切削层的形成过程进行了静态分析。建立的正偏心正交车铣切削层几何形状的解析模型涉及铣刀侧刃和底刃的切入/切出角度、切削厚度和切削深度。通过试验验证了该解析模型的正确性，并分析了切削参数对铣刀切削层的影响。研究结果为正偏心正交车铣切削层几何形状的变化提供了定量的分析依据，为切削力和颤振的研究提供了理论指导。     

The control of paracetamol particle size and surface morphology through crystallisation in a spray dryer

The parameters governing the crystallisation of paracetamol using various conventional techniques has been extensively studied, however the factors influencing the drug crystallisation using spray drying is not as well understood. The aim of this work was to investigate the crystallisation of an active pharmaceutical ingredient through evaporative crystallisation using a spray dryer to study the physicochemical properties of the drug and to use semi-empirical equations to gain insight into the morphology and particle size of the dried powder. Paracetamol solutions were spray dried at various inlet temperatures ranging from 60 °C to 120 °C and also from a series of inlet feed solvent compositions ranging from 50/50% v/v ethanol/water to 100% ethanol and solid-state characterisation was done. The size and morphology of the dried materials were altered with a change in spray drying parameters, with an increase in inlet temperature leading to an increase in particle Sauter mean diameter (from 3.0 to 4.4 µm) and a decrease in the particle size with an increase in ethanol concentration in the feed (from 4.6 to 4.4 µm) as a result of changes in particle density and atomised droplet size. The morphology of the dried particles consisted of agglomerates of individual crystallites bound together into larger semi-spherical agglomerates with a higher tendency for particles having crystalline ridges to form at higher ethanol concentrations of the feed.     

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定硅铁中硅磷锰铝钙铬

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)测定硅铁合金样品,需重点解决样品前处理中合金样品侵蚀铂-黄坩埚的难题。硅铁样品以四硼酸锂-碳酸锂预氧化剂在石墨垫底瓷坩埚中高温预氧化熔融后,再将熔融物转移至铂-黄坩埚中,用四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃熔片,实现了熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法对硅铁合金中硅、磷、锰、铝、钙、铬的测定。实验讨论了预氧化熔融的熔剂体系及氧化方法、试样与熔剂的稀释比,结果表明,试样与熔剂以1∶35的稀释比,以10滴300g/L碘化钾溶液为脱模剂,在1100℃熔融30min,熔融制得的玻璃片均匀、透明、无气泡,符合测定要求。用具有浓度梯度的系列硅铁有证标准样品制作校准曲线,各待测元素校准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.9995。方法应用于硅铁合金实际样品中硅、磷、锰、铝、钙、铬的测定, 结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)在0.1%~5.8%之间;正确度试验表明,硅铁标准样品的测定结果与认定值相符,硅铁实际样品的测定结果与国家标准方法测定值一致,能满足常规分析要求。     

缓冷出口温度对连续退火SPCC冷轧薄板屈服强度的影响

研究了缓冷出口温度对连续退火SPCC冷轧薄板组织和屈服强度的影响。结果表明:连续退火SPCC冷轧薄板的组织由等轴的铁素体晶粒和晶界处的块状渗碳体及晶粒内的颗粒状渗碳体组成。随着缓冷出口温度从680 ℃提高至700 ℃,平均晶粒尺寸从10.1 μm增加至12.5 μm;此外,提高缓冷出口温度还能够抑制晶界处块状渗碳体的形成,促进晶粒内细小渗碳体更加细小弥散的析出。当缓冷出口温度从680 ℃提高至700 ℃时,冷轧薄板的屈服强度约降低了28 MPa。     

The Spatial Patterning of Alcohol Outlets in Post-Disaster Christchurch,New Zealand: Practical and Policy Implications

Natural disasters greatly impact the environment of affected societies with often unknown consequences. In this study we examine the impact that the Canterbury Earthquakes of 2010–2011 had on the distribution of alcohol outlets in Christchurch, New Zealand. Specifically, we compare the distribution of both on-site and off-site alcohol outlets pre- (December 2009) and post-earthquake (December 2014) and use spatial regression models to identify whether any neighbourhood-level factors predict the observed redistributions. Overall, the number of alcohol outlets decreased by almost 13% after the Canterbury Earthquakes. However, we found a moderate increase in the clustering of both outlet types of outlets in the post-quake period. Increases in rates of both on-site and off-site alcohol outlets in neighbourhoods were positively associated with the percentage of residents who resided in their neighbourhood < 5 years and with neighbourhood crime rate change, while negative associations were found with percentage population aged between 15 and 29 years. The results suggest that the changing spatial distribution of alcohol outlets in Christchurch was not random but driven, in part, by the emergent demographic composition of neighbourhoods. The significant practical and policy implications of a redistribution of alcohol outlets are outlined providing a tangible link between empirical research and practice in an urban environment plagued with post-disaster spatial and social uncertainties.     

柱淋滤模式下生活垃圾焚烧炉渣中Cu2+和Zn2+浸出规律

垃圾焚烧炉渣是一种活性材料，在其储存、预处理及应用等过程与雨水频繁接触时，炉渣中重金属随着水域环境发生迁移和浸出现象。本研究采用连续柱淋滤试验装置模拟自然降雨，开展了0～5mm和5～10mm焚烧炉渣的动态淋滤毒性浸出分析，重点研究了pH和降雨强度对Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺的浸出影响。结果表明，动态淋滤过程中，淋滤液pH变化对Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺的浸出水平影响显著，且在酸性较强淋滤液作用下Cu²⁺浸出水平比Zn²⁺更强，与Ⅴ类地表水环境浓度限值对比，在整个淋滤时间内Cu²⁺浸出浓度严重超标，在炉渣工程应用时需预防相关的环境风险；原生炉渣粒径大小与重金属浸出水平无直接相关性，但是0～5mm细炉渣中可浸出Zn²⁺含量更高，这与细颗粒物中Zn赋存形态和可溶出态含量较高有关；淋滤强度对重金属浸出水平影响主要反应了动态淋滤过程液固比和水分运移速率情况，当较低淋滤强度时具有低液固比，溶出液中重金属含量较高。     

回转窑人工智能专家系统的应用实践

根据水泥熟料煅烧过程操作控制原理研发的"回转窑人工智能专家系统"采用了人工智能模拟技术、实时数据清洗技术、控制数据关联匹配技术。该系统由分解炉出口温度自动控制系统、篦速自动控制系统和氨水用量自动控制系统三个模块组成。该系统投运后,分解炉出口温度控制有效率由之前人工控制的平均60%~70%提高至平均80%~95%;篦下压力和二次风温稳定性提高;氨水消耗量下降显著;窑系统投料量增加10 t/h左右,熟料标准煤耗降低2.85 kg/t,熟料强度均有提高。     

Effect of the Wet Outlet Geometry on the Shockwave Position in Supersonic Separators

Supersonic separators (3Ss) are applied in gas separation processes. Two-dimensional simulation is employed to investigate the effect of operational and thermophysical parameters on the shockwave position. In addition, the impact of the cyclonic part and wet outlet geometry is evaluated by proposing four cases. Increasing the length of the cyclonic part exerts positive and negative influences on the performance of the 3S and the pressure recovery coefficient, respectively. The optimum length is determined between 10 and 15 cm. To demonstrate negative effects of wasted air from the wet outlet, its flow has been increased from 3.6 to 8.1 % of the inlet flow. Improved performance of the 3S is obtained by reducing the flow disturbances around the wet outlet and moving the shockwave towards the outlet.