Particle Detachment from Rough Surfaces in Turbulent Flows: An Analytical Expression for Resuspension Fraction

The critical shear velocity for resuspension of micrometer size particles from rough surfaces was studied. The random variation of surface roughness was accounted for. The recently developed Monte Carlo simulations accounted for the statistical variations of physical parameters that control the particle resuspension process. A sensitivity analysis showed that the surface roughness and its random variation was the key factor affecting the particle resuspension from rough surfaces. The theory of probabilistic transformation was used and an analytical expression for evaluating the resuspension fraction of particles of different sizes from rough surfaces versus the shear velocity was developed. The resuspension fractions as predicted by the analytical model were evaluated for several particles sizes for a range of turbulent flow shear velocities. The resulting resuspension fractions were compared with those obtained from the Monte Carlo simulations as well as the available experimental data. It was found that the predictions of the new analytical equation were in good agreement with the Monte Carlo simulation results and the experimental data, especially for smaller size particles. This new analytical expression could be used as a simple empirical equation for estimating flow-induced resuspension of particles from rough surfaces.     

Spatial and temporal variations of persistent organic pollutants impacted by episodic sediment resuspension in southern Lake Michigan

The impacts of large-scale, episodic sediment resuspension on the cycling of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) were examined using a spatially coordinated air and water sampling strategy conducted in southern Lake Michigan in the late winters of 1998, 1999, and 2000. We found no significant temporal changes in gas phase, dissolved phase, or suspended sediment PCB concentrations despite large-scale seasonal storms occurring before and after sampling campaigns. Only gas phase and suspended sediment PCBs varied spatially. Higher total suspended material (TSM) concentrations and fraction organic carbon (f_oc) were measured at sampling stations located in the near-shore region of southern Lake Michigan than at open-water sampling stations. Gas phase concentrations (ΣPCB_g) were higher in the west (0.436 ± 0.200 ng/m³, n = 11) and south (0.408 ± 0.286 ng/m³, n = 5) than the east (0.214 ± 0.082 ng/m³, n = 10) and central (0.253 ± 0.145 ng/m³, n = 8) regions of southern Lake Michigan. Dissolved phase concentrations (ΣPCB_d) averaged 0.18 ± 0.024 ng/L (n = 52); suspended sediment concentrations (ΣPCB_s) accounted for between 4% and 72% (23 ± 4%, n = 52) of the total ΣPCB concentrations (ΣPCB_T = ΣPCB_d + ΣPCB_s). Despite no consistent temporal variations in both dissolved phase or suspended sediment ΣPCB concentrations, there were temporal and spatial variations in the distribution shift between phases that can be linked to sediment resuspension, not a state of equilibrium. Specifically, our analysis suggests sediment resuspension results in preferential sorption of heavier, more chlorinated PCB congeners.     

太湖长兜港固体悬浮物再悬浮的室内模拟

定量研究浅水湖泊动力扰动与沉积物再悬浮的关系,目前仍是湖泊研究中的难点之一。实验利用再悬浮发生装置,对太湖长兜港沉积物风浪扰动进行室内模拟,建立扰动强度与有效波高之间的关系,定量分析风浪对太湖水体中悬浮物的影响及固体悬浮物在水体中的垂向分布,初步得出风浪对太湖沉积物扰动深度一般在毫米级的结论。     

珠江磨刀门河口悬沙浓度变化特征分析

根据2011年枯季和2012年洪季在大、中、小潮期间的多点同步现场观测资料,分析研究了磨刀门河口悬沙浓度变化特征。结果表明:磨刀门口悬沙浓度纵向分布呈近岸高,远岸低的趋势;横向分布具有季节性差异,洪季主槽大于滩地,枯季滩地大于主槽;垂向分布洪季主要以斜线型分布为主,枯季主要以抛物线型分布为主。潮周期平均含沙量大潮普遍大于中、小潮;洪、枯季磨刀门口外落潮含沙量普遍大于涨潮含沙量。洪季含沙量混合较为均匀,落潮时含沙量增大,涨潮时含沙量减小,枯季含沙量分层明显,。受波浪潮汐作用,一个周期内有多次明显的再悬浮过程,涨潮时增大,落潮时减小。     

金塘水道的悬沙输运和再悬浮作用特征

根据1986年秋季和1987年春季金塘水道内十个站点的大、中、小潮的流速和悬沙浓度的同步观测资料,利用悬沙质量守恒原理,分析了金塘水道的悬沙输运和再悬浮作用特征。水道与外海的悬沙交换、水道内悬沙与底质的泥沙交换分别使水道内的悬沙质量平均每小时发生2%~10%和7%~14%的变化,前者小于后者。水道与外海进行悬沙交换时,水道向外海输出悬沙,大潮周日输出的悬沙质量比小潮大2个数量级。在悬沙与底质的泥沙交换过程中,大潮和中潮以再悬浮作用为主,小潮以沉降作用为主,在一个大小潮周期中,再悬浮作用强于沉降作用,水道底床发生侵蚀。再悬浮通量与流速、(τ-τcr)/τcr具有一定的正线性关系(τ为底部切应力,τcr为临界再悬浮切应力)。再悬浮系数处于10-4kg.m-2s-1量级,与(τ-cτr)/τcr不具有明显关系,底质沉积特征是影响再悬浮作用和再悬浮系数的重要因素。     

Analysis of Aerosol Resuspension under Severe Accident by ECART Model

Utilizing ECART model in resuspension module of CABSA code developed by China Institute of Atomic Energy, the SR11 test in STORM project was calculated and the features of aerosol resuspension under severe accident of nuclear power plant were analyzed. The result shows that all the forces on aerosol increase with aerosol diameter, drag force and burst force increase faster than adhesive force and gravity force. Aerosol with larger diameter has greater resuspension rate. Fluid velocity above structure can affect drag force and burst force, the increment of velocity can enlarge both the forces, and make the resuspension rate increase. By taking this advantage, the drag force and burst force can be reduced by reducing the fluid velocity above structure, and finally decrease the release of fission product to the environment.     

Comparative Study between Aerosol Resuspension Model in GASFLOW and RnR Model

Based on the design parameters and conditions of the aerosol resuspension test for the validation of the RnR model, an analysis model was built by using GASFLOW code for calculation and simulation, and the results were compared with the calculation results of RnR model and the test data. The study results show that GASFLOW can simulate aerosol resuspension well in the main stage of resuspension. Under the condition of lower air velocity, the analysis results of RnR model are closer to the test data. Under the condition of higher air velocity, the results of GASFLOW model are more conservative. In order to improve the accuracy of the calculation results, it is suggested to consider the probability distribution characteristics of adhesion, and carry out further study on the feasibility of developing RnR model in GASFLOW.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION IN TAIHU LAKE UNDER DIFFERENT HYDRODYNAMIC DISTURBANCES

Contaminants resuspension in sediments induced by wind-wave could influence the water quality in shallow lakes. Resuspension of surface sediments from the Zhushan Bay, Taihu Lake was simulated under different wind forcing by using a pneumatic annular flume in this study. Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) was used to measure flow velocity at each wind speed, and the characteristics of sediment resuspension were studied with the layered sampling technology. The experimental results show that the flow velocity increases with wind speed obviously and 6m/s is a critical wind speed which affected hydrodynamic conditions significantly. The distribution of flow velocity and water depth is different from that in ordinary open channel. With the enhanced hydrodynamic factors, the Suspended Solids Concentration (SSC) in water increases accordingly, and the incipient velocity of sediment resuspension is about 0.21 m/s. Based on the analysis of wind speed and average SSC in water column, the quantitative relationship is obtained. The SSC of the bottom layer is higher than the content of surface layer under different hydrodynamic conditions, and there are similar distributions between SSC and flow velocity in different water layers.     

基于STORM试验的GASFLOW气溶胶再悬浮模型评估与改进

以ISP40报告中STORM试验的SR11工况试验条件为基础,对GASFLOW中再悬浮模型进行适用性评估,根据试验数据所反映出的气体流速与再悬浮最小粒径的关系,对GASFLOW中再悬浮模型进行了改进。研究结果表明,GASFLOW中原再悬浮模型的分析结果与SR11工况的试验结果有较为明显的差距,改进后的模型无论在变化趋势还是数值上均与试验结果更加吻合,并且保证了源项估算的保守性。考虑到STORM试验与严重事故下实际安全壳环境条件差距较大,建议开展更为接近实际状况的试验,以提升再悬浮模型分析的准确性。     

严重事故下气溶胶再悬浮的ECART模型分析

利用中国原子能科学研究院开发的CABSA程序气溶胶再悬浮模块中的ECART模型，对STORM项目的SR11试验进行计算，分析了核电厂严重事故下的气溶胶再悬浮特性。结果表明：气溶胶所受各种力均随直径的增大而增大，其中使气溶胶悬浮的拖曳力和爆发力比使气溶胶附着在结构表面的黏着力和重力增长更快；直径大的气溶胶悬浮率更大；结构表面流体速度能够影响拖曳力和爆发力，速度增大会提高拖曳力和爆发力，最终导致悬浮率增加。利用该特点，可通过降低结构表面流速降低拖曳力和爆发力，从而减小悬浮率，最终减小裂变产物向空间的重新释放。