海河平原区地下水累计可恢复超采量评价

地下水累计可恢复超采量评价对于地下水超采态势评判和超采综合治理实施都具有重要意义。本文以海河平原区为研究对象，提出超采量评价方法，旨在客观准确评价地下水累计可恢复超采量。针对浅层地下水超采量，提出生态临界水位作为传统“水位动态法”评价浅层地下水超采量的临界水位，据此得到研究区1959-2019年累计浅层超采量为869亿m³；针对深层地下水超采量，提出“不可恢复超采量”评价指标，采用地面沉降体积法评价深层地下水超采量，根据地面沉降体积计算深层承压含水层系统压密释水量体积，据此估算1970-2019年深层累计超采量为756亿m³；通过建立的一维非线性压密释水数值模型，模拟了深层承压含水层系统压密释水过程，计算得到非弹性压密释水量，评估研究区累计不可恢复超采量为558亿m³。因此本文认为，自1960年代以来，海河平原区地下水浅层和深层累计超采量1625亿m³，其中可恢复的超采量仅为1067亿m³。该研究结果可为未来地下水回补水量和南水北调规划调水量的确定提供参考。     

Near-Field Drives Long-Lived Shallow Trapping of Polymeric C3N4 for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Undesired photoelectronic dormancy through active species decay is adverse to photoactivity enhancement. An insufficient extrinsic driving force leads to ultrafast deep charge trapping and photoactive species depopulation in carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄). Excitation of shallow trapping in g-C₃N₄ with long-lived excited states opens up the possibility of pursuing high-efficiency photocatalysis. Herein, a near-field-assisted model is constructed consisting of an In₂O₃-cube/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction associated with ultrafast photodynamic coupling. This In₂O₃-cube-induced near-field assistance system provides catalytic “hot areas”, efficiently enhances the lifetimes of excited states and shallow trapping in g-C₃N₄ and this favors an increased active species density. Optical simulations combined with time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy shows there is a built-in charge transfer and the active species lifetimes are longer in the In₂O₃-cube/g-C₃N₄ hybrid. Besides these properties, the estimated overpotential and interfacial kinetics of the In₂O₃-cube/g-C₃N₄ hybrid co-promotes the liquid phase reaction and also helps in boosting the photocatalytic performance. The photocatalytic results exhibit a tremendous improvement (34-fold) for visible-light-driven hydrogen production. Near-field-assisted long-lived active species and the influences of trap states is a novel finding for enhancing (g-C₃N₄)-based photocatalytic performance.     

陕北沙漠区浅埋厚煤层开采潜水位及生态响应

煤炭开采造成上覆岩层破裂、移动，破坏了矿区含（隔）水层结构，改变了地表水及地下水循环演化状态，对浅表层生态环境造成严重影响，引发一系列环境地质问题。为深入研究沙漠地区厚煤层开采给潜水位及生态环境造成的影响，以毛乌素沙漠金鸡滩矿为例，对水文地质条件进行了研究，采用数值模拟的方法，模拟了沙漠区厚煤层开采潜水位的变化，并通过采动潜水位监测数据验证了预测结果。调查分析了研究区及周边地表生态环境现状，预测采后潜水位基本满足植物生长需求，对生态环境影响不大。     

陕北浅埋煤层绿色保水开采技术研究

王家沟煤矿为陕北典型浅埋煤层矿井，地下煤炭资源开采有可能破坏萨拉乌苏组潜水含水层。为有效的控制导水裂隙发育，最大限度保护地表含水层，基于协调开采的原理，结合力学模型和相似材料模拟试验，对比研究了一次采全高和限高留煤柱两种开采方法导水裂隙发育规律。研究表明，一次采全高条件下导水裂隙呈间歇式变速发育最大高度94m，穿过含水层|限高留煤柱协调开采导水裂隙发育平缓，最大高度60m|关键层的稳定决定着含水层的稳定，限高留煤柱能够显著的控制协调关键层挠曲下沉，有效的抑制导水裂隙发育，实现含水层下绿色保水开采。     

CO2对油田地下水环境中Q235钢和X70钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了探明辽河油田地下水环境中CO₂对Q235钢和X70管线钢的腐蚀规律,采用动电位极化技术及交流阻抗技术研究了不同CO₂浓度对该环境下两种钢腐蚀行为的影响,并利用光学显微镜对试样腐蚀界面进行表征。结果表明:随着CO₂浓度的增加,Q235和X70钢的交流阻抗图谱的半径均减小,腐蚀电流密度增大,腐蚀坑数量、深度和面积都增加,腐蚀敏感性增大。在低浓度CO₂环境下(CO₂含量为10%时),Q235钢的腐蚀敏感性比X70钢更高;而在高浓度CO₂环境下(CO₂含量为20%、40%、60%时),Q235钢的腐蚀速率反而较小,耐腐蚀性更好。     

温度对生物净化滤柱中氨氮、铁、锰去除效果的影响

温度是生物净化滤柱运行的一个重要参数，采用生物净化滤柱处理模拟含氨氮、铁、锰地下水，考察水温从约25℃降到约6℃过程中氨氮、铁、锰的去除效果。结果表明，出水氨氮、总铁、锰的浓度分别低于0.15mg/L、0.1mg/L、0.05mg/L，均低于国家标准。出水总铁、锰均未受到水温下降的影响，但是出水氨氮浓度逐渐从约0.02mg/L升高到约0.12mg/L。进一步分析发现，铁主要在滤层的0~0.4m段去除，去除效果没有受到水温变化的影响。氨氮、锰主要在滤层的0~0.8m段去除，其沿程浓度均随水温降低而明显升高。氨氮、锰的生物去除符合一级动力学反应，水温为24.6℃、15.3℃、6.7℃时，两者的动力学常数k分别为0.154min^-1、0.186min^-1，0.143min^-1、0.175min^-1，0.103min^-1、0.163min^-1；半反应时间t_1/2分别为4.51min、3.72min，4.83min、3.96min，6.72min、4.24min。随着试验水温的降低，氨氮、锰的去除效果明显受到影响。     

海藻酸钙固定化零价铁抗团聚及堵塞的作用机制

以海藻酸钠（SA）、氯化钙、微米零价铁（MZVI）为原料，制备了海藻酸钙（CA）固定化MZVI填料（CAZ），通过静态烧杯实验和动态PRB模型实验，探讨了CA运用对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除性能的影响，并通过电镜扫描分析了CA避免团聚、堵塞机制。实验结果表明，CA凝胶颗粒的运用能显著提升MZVI的除Cr(Ⅵ)性能，CAZ相比MZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率和反应速率分别提升7.1倍、23.0倍；MZVI利用率的提高是CAZ反应器处理Cr(Ⅵ)水量显著大于MZVI反应器的主要原因，MZVI反应速率的提高是CAZ反应器出水Cr(Ⅵ)浓度显著低于MZVI反应器的主要原因。电镜扫描结果表明，SA与氯化钙交联形成的CA具有丰富的骨架孔道结构，具有骨架支撑作用，能有效克服MZVI颗粒因重力作用导致团聚、降低比表面积的缺陷。CA表层固定的MZVI颗粒与Cr(Ⅵ)反应生成的(Fe_xCr_1-x)(OH)₃ 络合沉淀会冲破CA表层外壳，释放到零价铁-渗透反应墙（Fe⁰-PRB）系统中，导致PRB反应初期出现堵塞现象；大部分MZVI颗粒被固定在CA内部，CA内部有较多孔隙结构，这些孔隙结构会控制(Fe_xCr_1-x)(OH)₃ 络合沉淀释放，从而缓解了Fe⁰-PRB后期长期运行持续堵塞的问题。     

Micro-irrigation development in India: an analysis of distributional pattern and potential correlates

ABSTRACT

In India, of late, micro-irrigation has received considerable policy focus. However, as of 2017, only about 10% of the potential area is under micro-irrigation. The present study analyzes the pattern and equity issues of distribution of micro-irrigation in India and identifies the potential correlates. The regression analysis reveals that the stage of groundwater development and agro-climatic differences significantly influence the spread of micro-irrigation. The relatively low spread of micro-irrigation in states with over-exploited groundwater needs attention. Overall, the study points to the need to revamp the current micro-irrigation development programmes, which focus excessively on subsidy.     

石化项目地下水保护措施有效性分析

石化产品在储运过程中若发生污染事故,污染物会通过包气带渗入到地下水中,对地下水质量产生影响。通过预测,制定科学的地下水防治措施,是防止项目对地下水环境造成影响的有效手段。以广东某石化建设项目为例,在查明水文地质条件的基础上,预测和评价项目运营期对地下水环境可能造成的影响,并针对这种影响提出相应的防渗技术措施且预测了防渗措施的有效性。预测结果表明:采取防渗措施后,污染源强对地下水的影响范围明显缩小,说明防渗措施能有效的防止污染物进入地下水,保护地下水资源。     

Evaluation of nitrate source in groundwater of southern part of North China Plain based on multi-isotope

Nitrate pollution in groundwater is a serious water quality problem that increases the risk of developing various cancers.Groundwater is the most important water resource and supports a population of 5 million in Anyang area of the southern part of the North China Plain. Determining the source of nitrate pollution is the challenge in hydrology area due to the complex processes of migration and transformation. A new method is presented to determine the source of nitrogen pollution by combining the composition characteristics of stable carbon isotope in dissolved organic carbon in groundwater. The source of groundwater nitrate is dominated by agricultural fertilizers, as well as manure and wastewater. Mineralization, nitrification and mixing processes occur in the groundwater recharge area, whereas the confined groundwater area is dominated by denitrification processes.