持久性有机污染物(POPs)的生物降解研究进展

介绍了国内外水体的POPs污染现状，阐述了降解硝基苯、氯苯类和多环芳烃类有机污染物的微生物及其各自的降解机理。对利用强化生物技术降解持久性有机污染物的工程实践作了介绍，并指出了今后生物降解研究的发展方向。     

Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic organic and elemental substances and their degradation and metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues of exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs have been of concern in the circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, as a consequence of bioaccumulation and in some cases biomagnification of legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs and CHLs) and emerging (e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) found in Arctic biota and humans. Of high concern are the potential biological effects of these contaminants in exposed Arctic wildlife and fish. As concluded in the last review in 2004 for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on the effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife, prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. The present review summarizes recent studies on biological effects in relation to OHC exposure, and attempts to assess known tissue/body compartment concentration data in the context of possible threshold levels of effects to evaluate the risks. This review concentrates mainly on post-2002, new OHC effects data in Arctic wildlife and fish, and is largely based on recently available effects data for populations of several top trophic level species, including seabirds (e.g., glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), polar (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), as well as semi-captive studies on sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains a dearth of data on true contaminant exposure, cause-effect relationships with respect to these contaminant exposures in Arctic wildlife and fish. Indications of exposure effects are largely based on correlations between biomarker endpoints (e.g., biochemical processes related to the immune and endocrine system, pathological changes in tissues and reproduction and development) and tissue residue levels of OHCs (e.g., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and in a few cases perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field studies on comparative contaminant effects of control and exposed cohorts of captive Greenland sled dogs, and performance studies mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations in Arctic charr. Recent tissue concentrations in several arctic marine mammal species and populations exceed a general threshold level of concern of 1 part-per-million (ppm), but a clear evidence of a POP/OHC-related stress in these populations remains to be confirmed. There remains minimal evidence that OHCs are having widespread effects on the health of Arctic organisms, with the possible exception of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls. However, the true (if any real) effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife have to be put into the context of other environmental, ecological and physiological stressors (both anthropogenic and natural) that render an overall complex picture. For instance, seasonal changes in food intake and corresponding cycles of fattening and emaciation seen in Arctic animals can modify contaminant tissue distribution and toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism and depuration). Also, other factors, including impact of climate change (seasonal ice and temperature changes, and connection to food web changes, nutrition, etc. in exposed biota), disease, species invasion and the connection to disease resistance will impact toxicant exposure. Overall, further research and better understanding of POP/OHC impact on animal performance in Arctic biota are recommended. Regardless, it could be argued that Arctic wildlife and fish at the highest potential risk of POP/OHC exposure and mediated effects are East Greenland, Svalbard and (West and South) Hudson Bay polar bears, Alaskan and Northern Norway killer whales, several species of gulls and other seabirds from the Svalbard area, Northern Norway, East Greenland, the Kara Sea and/or the Canadian central high Arctic, East Greenland ringed seal and a few populations of Arctic charr and Greenland shark.     

微管反应器中硝基氯苯的连续合成

芳香族化合物的硝化是快速、强放热反应,采用连续硝化工艺可降低间歇操作可能引起的潜在风险。本文采用可视化方法和计算流体力学（CFD）模拟研究微管内流动状况的基础上,在体积为10mL的微管反应器中进行了氯苯连续硝化反应,探究了停留时间、温度、混酸比（硝酸与硫酸的摩尔比）、相比（硝酸与氯苯的摩尔比）对反应转化率、收率、产物邻对比和选择性的影响。结果表明,氯苯和混酸两相在内径为1mm的微通道内呈现出的Taylor流流型可以强化传质传热的效率,提高宏观反应速率。在停留时间为8min、温度80℃、混酸比=1∶1.5、相比=1∶1时,产物中邻对比在0.7~0.8之间,氯苯单程转化率为81.24%,一硝基氯苯的选择性为93.77%。采用连续硝化后,反应停留时间大幅降低,一硝基氯苯的邻对比明显提高。相比于传统釜式工艺,微管反应器内连续硝化更加安全、高效。     

氯化苯生产的清洁工艺改造

介绍了氯化苯生产过程中"三废"的回收利用改造情况,总结了废水、废气、废渣回收改造的过程、特点和效益,经过改造实现了氯苯生产过程的清洁化和废物的资源化。     

La的掺杂方式对CeO2-MnOx催化氧化氯苯性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备CeO₂-MnO_x和La₂O₃-CeO₂-MnO_x催化剂，再用沉积-沉淀法制备La₂O₃/CeO₂-MnO_x催化剂，并对催化剂的氯苯催化氧化反应活性进行检测。结果表明，La的加入可以显著提高催化剂催化氧化氯苯的活性。XRD和TPR表征结果表明，La的加入抑制CeO₂晶粒尺寸的长大，增强CeO₂的晶格应变，并促进Mn进入CeO₂的晶相，形成较好的MnCeO_x固溶体。催化剂的热稳定性评价结果表明，La的加入有效提高CeO₂-MnO_x催化剂的热稳定性。     

氯化苯生产过程中副产物精制分离技术

叙述了用重结晶法分离精制制取高纯度对二氯苯及邻二氯苯的工艺流程.用此法可高产率地得到纯度99.8%左右的对二氯苯,99.0%以上的邻二氯苯.     

氯化苯循环水系统技术改造

基于氯化苯循环水系统使用化学药剂处理存在的问题,将一种新型量子管通环应用于氯化苯装置循环水系统,取代传统化学药剂,运行效果表明量子管通环对系统换热设备起到良好的缓蚀阻垢作用,有效降低了系统浊度.     

A Study of Removing Chlorobenzene by the Synergistic Effect of Catalysts and Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Driven by Bipolar Pulse-Power

In this study, the improvement in the removal of chlorobenzene （C6H5Cl） in the air was investigated by combining dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） driven by bipolar pulse-power with catalysts. Molecular sieve 4A （MS-4A） and MnO2/γ-Al2O3 （MnO2/ALP） as two kinds of catalysts were tested at different positions in a DBD reactor. Catalysts were located either in the discharging area between two electrodes, or just behind the discharging area （in the afterglow area） closed to the outlet. The results indicated that DBD reactor with a bipolar pulse power-supply produced strong instant discharge and energetic particles, which can effectively activate catalysts of MS-4A and MnO2/ALP located in the afterglow area to achieve the synergistic effects on effective fission of chemical bonds of chlorobenzene. It was considered that the gas-chlorobenzene and the chlorobenzene adsorbed on the catalysts were decomposed simultaneously.