绿色建筑评价标准中关于城市微气候的讨论

本文通过比较BREEAM UK New Construction,LEED-NC和GBA China的评估标准,重点研究建筑物对城市微气候的影响。在每个标准中,能源的管理和使用是评估建筑物对微气候影响的最重要部分。在LEED-NC中,评估建筑物微气候的指标百分比相比其他两个占其总指标的最大,其余两个比重相同。     

城市街谷夏季微气候现场调查研究

通过总结街谷形态要素和微气候之间的关系,提出建筑学和规划领域加强街谷微气候研究的必要性;以大连中心城区典型街谷人民路为对象,进行了微气候参数的夏季现场调查,通过分析其特征总结了城市街谷形态要素的改善策略。     

Ecological energetics of tropical intensive green roof

Few green roof studies cover intensive and tropical types and specific canopy microclimate. We examined the ecological energetics of a sky woodland in humid-tropical Hong Kong. Environmental sensors monitored the microclimatic and soil parameters for 14 months. Key biophysical variables of transpiration, wind, light, and through-canopy energy flux are modeled to investigate seasonal and weather effects. The woodland forms a cloistered subcanopy environment with rather stable microclimate. Transpiration and latent heat loss are enhanced by solar radiation and low relative humidity, but less by wind. On sunny days, about 20% of incident solar radiation can reach the soil surface. The canopy reflected more near-infrared radiation (NIR) than photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), highlighting a hitherto neglected passive-cooling mechanism. The highest transpiration rate occurs in autumn rather than summer due to dry-mild weather. The woodland canopy could reduce 300 W m⁻² energy flux into the substrate. The canopy warmed by solar energy transmits heat to subcanopy air. Latent and sensible heat loss in the subcanopy domain is suppressed, thus dampening the passive-cooling effect. The capability of the tropical intensive green roof to reduce temperature is relatively inefficient comparing with temperate region counterparts. The findings could inform design and choice of green roofs.     

街道可视因子对夏季午后城市街道峡谷 微气候和热舒适度的影响研究

城市街道作为城市最重要的活动空间,对其进行合 理的规划和改造有利于改善城市热环境。揭示街道可视因子对 街道峡谷微气候和热舒适度的作用机制,可以作为城市规划设 计的理论基础。选取杭州市典型街道峡谷为研究对象,通过 实测和数据分析发现,在夏季午后,不同街道峡谷内微气候和 热舒适度存在明显差异：各街道峡谷之间空气温度、平均辐 射温度和生理等效温度最大值与最小值之差分别达到了2.9、 25.3和15.3℃;N-S朝向的街道热环境优于E-W朝向的街 道,但街道的开敞程度和植物遮阴会抵消街道朝向的影响。研 究也发现,在午后,街道可视因子会对街道峡谷热环境产生不 同程度的影响,天空可视因子越高,街道峡谷空间越开敞,街 道热环境和热舒适度越差;建筑可视因子与城市街道峡谷微气 候和热舒适度相关性不大;而树木可视因子则对街道峡谷热环 境具有重要影响,树木可视因子越高,街道树木的遮阴程度越 高,街道内热环境和热舒适度越佳,这种现象在E-W朝向的 街道峡谷中表现得更为明显。     

Simulation of the urban climate variations in connection with the transformations of the city of Nantes since the 17th century

The paper seeks to quantify the effect of urban politics on the microclimate of the city of Nantes (France), in particular those initiated by the sanitarians in the mid-19th century to find a remedy for the insalubrity that had been developing with urban densification since the late 17th century. Intensive historical research was first carried out in order to define and date the major transformations undergone by the city, its structure (densification, then widening of the streets, filling of water courses), the lifestyle habits (heating) or the building practices (appearance of stone and paving, higher buildings, insulation). This led to the definition of 5 characteristic states of the city, in 1680, 1756, 1835, 1880 and 1945.     

Numerical studies on the microclimate around a sleeping person and the related thermal neutrality issues

This article reports on two numerical studies on the microclimate around, and the thermal neutrality of, a sleeping person in a space installed with a displacement ventilation system. The development of a sleeping computational thermal manikin (SCTM) placed in a space air-conditioned by a displacement ventilation system is first described. This is followed by reporting the results of the first numerical study on the microclimate around the SCTM, including air temperature and velocity distributions and the heat transfer characteristics. Then the outcomes of the other numerical study on the thermal neutrality of a sleeping person are presented, including the thermal neutrality for a naked sleeping person and the effects of the total insulation value of a bedding system on the thermal neutrality of a sleeping person.

Statement of relevance: The thermal environment would greatly affect the sleep quality of human beings. Through developing a SCTM, the microclimate around a sleeping person has been numerically studied. The thermal neutral environment may then be predicted and contributions to improved sleep quality may be made.     

湿热型乡村旅游住区户外微气候评价及生态改善策略

用WBGT法和TS法评价和分析湿热型乡村旅游住区——董坪村的微气候舒适度,并根据董坪村景观要素提出生态改善策略:运用本土植物规划种植立体乡村景观体系,由此构建适宜的风环境而改善户外微气候舒适度。     

1000 kV交流特高压输电线路舞动区的划分

随着全球大气候的变化,中国极端风雪天气愈加频繁,架空输电线路导线舞动时常发生,往往会引起线路跳闸,电弧烧伤,金具、绝缘子损坏,导线断股、断线,倒塔等严重事故,造成巨大的经济损失。因而,对高压架空输电线路舞动区的研究与划分显得尤为重要。笔者对1 000 kV线路进行了全线的实地调研,并且搜集了大量线路经过地区的气象资料,在分析了舞动区基本理论的基础上,结合线路经过地区的地形地貌和气象条件,对该线路进行了舞动区的划分,希望对运行单位更高效的开展运行维护管理提供一定的帮助和指导。     

头戴式虚拟现实设备的热舒适研究

目的了解头戴式虚拟现实设备的热特性,以及用户的主观热舒适感受。方法让被试者使用头戴设备45min,过程中采用温度记录器记录数据,最后用主观量表获取热舒适评分。获得的数据用SPSS进行方差分析,并结合设备的物理属性进一步进行主观热舒适影响因素分析。结果三款头戴设备的平均微环境温度在使用时间内共上升了8.11℃,主观热不适程度随使用时间的增加而增强。数据统计结果表明,三款设备间的微环境温度和主观热舒适数据差异显著(p0.05)。结论头戴式虚拟现实设备在使用时间内的微环境温度变化会对用户造成"轻微不适"的热感受,在提升产品热舒适方面可以从显示器的发热性和目镜的散热性入手。用户更青睐透气性强、且对面部相对不造成压力的S款设计。