Aspects of microstructure in low carbon steels produced by the CSP process

The solidification structure, microstructure evolution during rolling and precipitates with nanometers in dimension of the low carbon steels produced by CSP process with thin slabs have been studied in recent years. Important differences in microstructure and mechanical properties between the CSP products and the conventional one were observed. These differences may arise from the much rapider solidification rate and cooling rate after casting of the thin slabs. Some aspects of the microstructure for the low carbon steels of the CSP thin slabs are summarized and compared with the conventional one.     

涟钢CSP产品现状及未来板带材开发展望

介绍了涟钢CSP产品的现状及其性能。为调整产品结构，提高企业的市场竞争能力，提出了未来开发CSP板带材产品的几点建议。     

无铅再流焊接PBGA空洞缺陷研究

随着密间距BGA、CSP器件的大量应用,该类器件在焊接中的空洞问题也越来越受到人们的重视.而无铅制程的导入使得这一问题表现得更加突出.基于对多个实际案例的解剖、分析、试验的统计数据基础上,对产品生产过程中所发生的PBGA、CSP的空洞现象进行了分类归纳.并一一研究了其形成机理、影响因素及抑制对策.     

热轧薄板钢焊接区组织与性能分析

采用包钢CSP（Compact Strip Production）薄板坯连铸连轧工艺生产L245钢为原料进行螺旋焊管焊接生产,针对生产中焊缝裂纹问题对焊缝区的形貌、组织进行了观察,并对焊缝进行拉伸性能和X射线检验。分析表明,母材与热影响区的交界处（即偏向热影响区的“过渡区”）是L245焊管力学性能最脆弱处,珠光体的形貌是影响其拉伸性能的关键因素。     

CSP产品开发及发展趋势

概述了CSP技术的发展现状,对其发展过程、创新技术以及生产的高附加值产品的种类进行了阐述,同时简要介绍了目前国内外CSP生产线的产品开发情况,对CSP工艺未来发展趋势进行了展望。随着CSP技术的不断发展,生产的高附加值产品将逐渐增多,以满足各高端行业对高品质钢材的需求。     

在CSP线上开发冷轧用低碳钢带

介绍了包钢CSP厂通过成分调整和工艺优化，研究出适合冷轧生产的热轧低碳钢带生产工艺。IM时通过严格加热炉热工制度和换辊制度等，解决了CSP工艺生产的冷轧用低碳钢热带的表面质量问题，用其生产的冷带成形性能优良，可作为深冲、超深冲使用。     

CSP生产线开发矿浆输送管用X65管线钢的生产实践

介绍包钢CSP生产线开发矿浆输送管用X65管线钢的情况。采用Nb含量达0.065%的微合金化成分设计及控轧控冷工艺,生产出厚度为11.0～12.7 mm的厚规格X65管线钢5 000余t,未出现常见的混晶现象,钢带的组织、性能优良,满足AP15L制管要求。所制成的1.2万m钢管现场打压一次成功。     

Shedding light on solar technologies—A techno-economic assessment and its policy implications

Solar power technologies will have to become a major pillar in the world's future energy system to combat climate change and resource depletion. However, it is unclear which solar technology is and will prove most viable. Therefore, a comprehensive comparative assessment of solar technologies along the key quantitative and qualitative competitiveness criteria is needed. Based on a literature review and detailed techno-economic modeling for 2010 and 2020 in five locations, we provide such an assessment for the three currently leading large-scale solar technologies. We show that today these technologies cannot yet compete with conventional forms of power generation but approach competitiveness around 2020 in favorable locations. Furthermore, from a global perspective we find that none of the solar technologies emerges as a clear winner and that cost of storing energy differs by technology and can change the order of competitiveness in some instances. Importantly, the competitiveness of the different technologies varies considerably across locations due to differences in, e.g., solar resource and discount rates. Based on this analysis, we discuss policy implications with regard to fostering the diffusion of solar technologies while increasing the efficiency of policy support through an adequate geographical allocation of solar technologies.     

On Refinement-Closed Security Properties and Nondeterministic Compositions

Refinement-closed security properties allow the verification of systems for all possible implementations. Some systems, however, have refinements that do not represent possible implementations. In particular, real instantiations of abstract systems comprising security-critical components surrounded by maximally hostile unrefined components are often characterised only by compositions of refinements of the abstract system's components, rather than all refinements of the abstract system. In this case, refinement-closed security properties that examine multiple behaviours of a system at once can be falsely violated by the presence of inconsistent pairs of behaviour arising from different, incompatible refinements of the system's components.We show how to weaken a class of such properties, which includes both information flow and causation properties, to allow them to be applied to these sorts of abstract systems. The weakened properties ignore all pairs of inconsistent behaviour that would have violated the original property from which they are derived. We also show how to adapt existing automated tests for these properties to allow them to be used to test for their weakened counterparts instead. This enables greater flexibility in the application of these sorts of properties to compositions of nondeterministic components.