Defining Dry Eye from a Clinical Perspective

Over the past decades, the number of patients with dry eye disease (DED) has increased dramatically. The incidence of DED is higher in Asia than in Europe and North America, suggesting the involvement of cultural or racial factors in DED etiology. Although many definitions of DED have been used, discrepancies exist between the various definitions of dry eye disease (DED) used across the globe. This article presents a clinical consensus on the definition of DED, as formulated in four meetings with global DED experts. The proposed new definition is as follows: “Dry eye is a multifactorial disease characterized by a persistently unstable and/or deficient tear film (TF) causing discomfort and/or visual impairment, accompanied by variable degrees of ocular surface epitheliopathy, inflammation and neurosensory abnormalities.” The key criteria for the diagnosis of DED are unstable TF, inflammation, ocular discomfort and visual impairment. This definition also recommends the assessment of ocular surface epitheliopathy and neurosensory abnormalities in each patient with suspected DED. It is easily applicable in clinical practice and should help practitioners diagnose DED consistently. This consensus definition of DED should also help to guide research and clinical trials that, to date, have been hampered by the lack of an established surrogate endpoint.     

EFFECT OF DEVELOPER PROPERTIES ON PRINT QUALITY

We investigated the dependence of the toner charge-to-mass ratio (q/m) in a two-component electrophotographic developer on the shaking time, toner concentration (T/C), carrier sizes, and the carrier core and the coating materials, as well as the resulting print qualities in terms of print density, background density, tone reproduction, resolution, and dot gain. Four different sizes of spherical ferrite carriers, four different carrier coating materials, and an irregular iron carrier were used with two types of toner: 14 um red toner (NP-4080) and 8 um cyan toner (CLC-500). The q/m measurement by the blow-off method showed that the red toner charge was positive while the cyan toner charge was negative with these carriers. The toner q/m values, which depended on the shaking time and decreased with the increasing T/C were much more affected by the larger carrier and the smaller toner. The carriers which yielded charges in the proper range produced better print qualities than did the other carriers that yielded a toner q/m     

一种独特和可靠的厚/薄铜复合PWB

本文论述一种厚/薄铜复合PWB(及其可靠性),它允许PWB设计者在厚铜和薄铜之间以任何希望的图形进行随意选择,以使电源模块/分配电路可以和精细图形特征一起集成,从而适应离I/O数半导体封装的要求。     

370 W output power GaN-FET amplifier for W-CDMA cellular base stations

A single-ended amplifier using small packaged GaN-FETs exhibits a record 2.14 GHz W-CDMA output power. The amplifier, composed of paralleled 48 mm gate periphery FET die, delivers a peak saturated output power of 371 W with a linear gain of 11.2 dB at a drain voltage of 45 V under 2.14 GHz 3GPP W-CDMA signal input. The output power density (output power/package size) of 1.1 W/mm/sup 2/ is twice as high as that of the existing over 300 W GaAs-FET amplifiers. A low 5 MHz offset ACLR of -36 dBc with a drain efficiency of 24% is also obtained at 8 dB power back off from the saturated output power.     

Diffusional behavior of multi-arm star polymers by H pulsed field gradient spin-echo NMR method

The diffusional behavior of multi-arm star-shaped p(tBMA) was investigated in a concentration range from dilute to semidilute region with ¹H pulsed field gradient spin-echo NMR (PFGSE-NMR). An 142-arm star-shaped p(tBMA) showed two diffusional mode, which reflected the coexistence of liquid ordering phase and liquid phase near the ordering transition. On the other hand, for star-shaped p(tBMA) with 55 arms showed a single diffusional relaxation in all concentration ranges during observation time. In the semidilute region, the relationship between the diffusion coefficient against the polymer concentration was affected strongly not only the arm number but also liquid ordering structure.     

Photocatalytic Property and Electronic Structure of Lanthanide-based Oxysulfides

Lanthanide-based oxysulfides and sulfide, LnTaO_3.5S_0.5, Ln₁₀OS₁₄ (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm) and La₄In₅S₁₃, were successively synthesized by sulfurization in a flowing H₂S. The sulfurization decreased the band-gap energies from >4 eV to <3eV, because of the formation of occupied S3p orbitals on the top of valence band. In accordance with the small band gap, the H₂ evolution from a 0.01 M Na₂S and 0.01 M Na₂SO₃ solution system was observed under irradiation of light up to >500 nm. The rate of H₂ evolution under light irradiation of >500 nm increased in the order of Ni/LaTaO_3.5S_0.5 < Ru/La₁₀OS₁₄ < Pt/La₄In₅S₁₃.