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1.
Research into possible endocrine disrupters and their effects, which is necessary to prove the safety of recycling schemes, is described. The research concentrated on the analysis of three steroid oestrogens and on trout bioassay (vitellogenin). The work was carried out in (a) experimental fish tanks using various mixtures of river water and treated wastewater, (b) pilot plants for wastewater and potable water treatment, and (c) monitoring the oestrogenic effects of discharging disinfected treated wastewater into Hanningfield reservoir during the 1995–98 drought. The overall conclusion is that the presence of minute traces of oestrogens in wastewater is not an insurmountable problem because they can be removed by dilution and self-purification in rivers and reservoirs, by activated carbon and ultraviolet radiation in the recycling plant, and by ozone and activated carbon in water-treatment plants. 相似文献
2.
F. Usman BSc MSc T. Fernandas BSc MSc PhD J. Fernie BSc PhD DMS DipM GradCIM P. Read BSc MSc PhD CBiol FBiol J. Hundal PEng 《Water and Environment Journal》2001,15(1):51-55
In the UK, various initiatives have been launched in an attempt to provide guidance on the occurrence and avoidance of oil and chemical pollution. Despite these efforts, oil and chemicals remain a major cause of pollution. In Canada, similar initiatives have been more successful due to a participative approach to campaign development and implementation. This paper compares UK and Canadian initiatives and identifies factors which led to the success of the Canadian campaigns. 相似文献
3.
Small differences in water quality standards can mean huge differences in costs for water treatment; difficulties which are compounded by standards for which the derivation is unclear, such as the EC drinking water Directive. Such situations give no indication of the margin of safety for a parameter or the significance to consumers of exceedances. The WHO Guidelines are being revised and will be presented so that the precise derivation of the numbers is absolutely clear. The scientific and quasi-scientific considerations can be separated and the user given the appropriate information to adapt the guidelines to particular circumstances. In deriving standards for toxicological data the factors incorporated reflect uncertainties in the data and extrapolation from animals to man. Understanding the mechanisms of toxicity or carcinogenicity can reduce the uncertainty and improve the quality of the standard, often allowing higher figures to be used with confidence that public health will not be comprised. 相似文献
4.
Traditionally, bacteriological monitoring of drinking-water supplies has focused on the detection of Escherichia coli and related coliform bacteria. However, attention has recently been given to the occurrence of biofilms and associated organisms which occur in distribution systems. One group of bacteria which have been isolated from water supply systems are the Aeromonads. This group is gaining increased recognition as they have been implicated as causal agents of gastro-enteritis in humans and are indicators of regrowth potential. In order to obtain a better insight into these organisms and their relationship with other parameters, a number of laboratory and field-based studies were undertaken. These included (a) comparison of isolation media, (b) examination of biofilms, (c) temperature growth studies, (d) toxicity testing, and (e) sampling and analysis at treatment works and in distribution systems. 相似文献
5.
Catchment management plans represent the National Rivers Authority's vision for the water environment. With the National Rivers Authority being organized by hydrological regions, the catchment is seen as the natural management unit, and catchment plans offer the means to integrate the Authority's work programme with those of other agencies. Catchment plans summarize relevant data and include an agreed action programme to optimize catchment uses, produced after wide consultation; they complement local authority statutory plans, are current for five to ten years, and will be reviewed regularly during this period. The catchment planning process is seen by the National Rivers Authority as a medium for promoting discussion, resolving conflict, assigning priorities, and setting targets by which progress on key issues can be monitored. 相似文献
6.
J. K. FAWELL BSc CBiol DipRcPath D. G. MILLER BSc PhD CEng MIChemE 《Water and Environment Journal》1994,8(1):76-82
Introduction of the drinking-water Directive has resulted in a much more quantified approach to drinking-water quality. Increased attention from environmental groups and the media, together with occasional breaches of the limits, have resulted in a loss of confidence in the product. Infringements depend upon the stringency of the limits and the quality of available raw water. The UK is one of the few EC countries having to use a high proportion of surface water. The Directive has now been fully implemented in all member states, but information on compliance is poor. Only the UK and Ireland produce compliance reports. Published papers indicate that infringement problems exist throughout the Community, particularly for pesticides, nitrate, lead, coliforms and iron. Nevertheless, drinking water is of very high quality within the EC, and UK supplies compare very favourably with the rest. 相似文献
7.
A S trict application of recommendations contained in Report 711 generates the need for the examination of large numbers of samples with daily analysis being required at certain treatment works. Manpower resources were not available to achieve this, and an alternative procedure for bacteriological monitoring was necessary.
The paper describes a technique for 'on-site' monitoring of the bacteriological quality of a water supply on a daily basis. Based on the multiple tube method, the test provides a qualitative yedno indication of the quality of the water being produced. Experiences in the use of this technique are outlined. 相似文献
The paper describes a technique for 'on-site' monitoring of the bacteriological quality of a water supply on a daily basis. Based on the multiple tube method, the test provides a qualitative yedno indication of the quality of the water being produced. Experiences in the use of this technique are outlined. 相似文献
8.
J. K. FAWELL BSc CBiol MIBiol DipRCPath M. FIELDING FRSC CChem J. W. RIDWAY BSc PhD 《Water and Environment Journal》1987,1(1):61-66
C hlorine is an effective and reliable disinfectant whose use in the treatment of drinking water has ensured water of high microbiological quality. Although the benefits of chlorination are beyond doubt, the fact that chlorine reacts with many of the organic substances in raw waters forming some substances of potential risk to health has led to concern and has stimulated a series of investigations. These investigations have used a variety of approaches and techniques, including advanced organic analysis, epidemiology, and toxicology. The paper reviews this research and discusses some of the factors affecting the risks associated with drinking chlorinated water. 相似文献
9.
E. LINDLEY CChem FRSC MIM MIEnvSci S. E. DAVIES BSc CBiol MIBiol MIEnvSci 《Water and Environment Journal》1995,9(5):470-476
Before privatization of the water authorities in England and Wales in 1989, future water companies were instructed to provide auditable proof of their investment requirements by the production of asset management plans.
With respect to distribution systems for potable water, asset management plan studies have established that unlined ferrous mains are often the main cause of complaints about discoloured water. It has also been found that the investment in water mains rehabilitation, which is driven by water quality problems, overshadows similar investment requirements driven by high burst rates and poor hydraulic performance.
This paper describes how certain techniques of water quality modelling have been developed and refined to provide a rapid, cost-effective method for identifying requirements for water-main rehabilitation. 相似文献
With respect to distribution systems for potable water, asset management plan studies have established that unlined ferrous mains are often the main cause of complaints about discoloured water. It has also been found that the investment in water mains rehabilitation, which is driven by water quality problems, overshadows similar investment requirements driven by high burst rates and poor hydraulic performance.
This paper describes how certain techniques of water quality modelling have been developed and refined to provide a rapid, cost-effective method for identifying requirements for water-main rehabilitation. 相似文献
10.
D. D. Mara PhD DSc Eurlng CEng FICE CBiol FIBiol FRIPH 《Water and Environment Journal》2004,18(4):230-234
The design of septic tanks, constructed wetlands, waste-stabilisation ponds and rock filters is detailed, and their applicability in the UK is discussed. Septic tanks are a suitable primary treatment system for villages with a population of less than 500. Constructed wetlands, which are secondary or tertiary treatment units, have the disadvantage that their plants do not play any significant role in their performance, except for nitrogen removal. Secondary facultative waste-stabilisation ponds, with pre-treatment in septic tanks and post-treatment in rock filters, provide primary, secondary and tertiary treatment and can produce high-quality effluents. The costs of these processes for small rural communities in the UK are compared. 相似文献