Quantitative analysis of steel and iron by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using GA-KELM

According to the multiple researches in the last couple of years, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) has shown a great potential for rapid analysis in steel industry.Nevertheless, the accuracy and precision may be limited by complex matrix effect and selfabsorption effect of LIBS seriously. A novel multivariate calibration method based on genetic algorithm-kernel extreme learning machine(GA-KELM) is proposed for quantitative analysis of multiple elements(Si, Mn, Cr, Ni, V, Ti, Cu, Mo) in forty-seven certified steel and iron samples.First, the standardized peak intensities of selected spectra lines are used as the input of model.Then, the genetic algorithm is adopted to optimize the model parameters due to its obvious capability in finding the global optimum solution. Based on these two steps above, the kernel method is introduced to create kernel matrix which is used to replace the hidden layer's output matrix. Finally, the least square is applied to calculate the model's output weight. In order to verify the predictive capability of the GA-KELM model, the R-square factor(R~2), Root-meansquare Errors of Calibration(RMSEC), Root-mean-square Errors of Prediction(RMSEP) of GAKELM model are compared with the traditional PLS algorithm, respectively. The results confirm that GA-KELM can reduce the interference from matrix effect and self-absorption effect and is suitable for multi-elements calibration of LIBS.     

高炉风口鼓风均匀性及风口参数调节研究

采用数值模拟的方法对典型的大中小3种不同容积的高炉的风口均匀性进行了研究,并分析了风口调节措施对鼓风参数的影响。结果表明:风口鼓风参数分布规律与热风围管中各支管位置处的压力分布规律一致,高炉风口尺寸相同时,各风口鼓风参数也不同;高炉圆周方向各风口的鼓风参数存在最大及最小值,对于不同容积的高炉,达到最值的风口位置也随之变化;总风量增加时,风口不均匀性增加,大高炉鼓风动能不均匀性最大。总风量不变时,减小某风口的面积,该风口的风量、鼓风动能并未增加;风口长度的增加对高炉鼓风参数的调节影响不大。     

CSP 流程低碳铝镇静钢铸坯碳覆夹杂物析出行为

在使用 CSP 工艺生产低碳或超低碳钢时,在铸坯中,特别是铸坯宽面的中心经常观察到相当数量的微米级碳覆夹杂物.通过对 CSP 流程不同的钢种铸坯取样,研究了这类夹杂物的结构特点和析出机制.指出碳覆夹杂物呈双层结构,外面包裹一层富碳层、中心为钙铝酸盐或含 CaO 的复合夹杂物.热力学计算结果显示这层富碳物质并非 CaC2.通过对比球墨铸铁中球状石墨的形成条件,指出 CSP 铸坯中存在冷却速度快、S 元素含量低、加钙处理后促球化元素 Ca、Mg 含量相对较高,有大量夹杂物作为形核核心等促进碳覆夹杂物析出的有利条件.C 为易偏析元素,在低碳或超低碳钢铸坯凝固过程中液芯中 C 含量的升高,能够析出球状的碳覆夹杂物.并指出由于碳覆夹杂物的析出,中心钢基体 C 含量降低,碳覆夹杂物析出能够减轻铸坯凝固过程中 C元素的偏析程度.     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术的生铁中硅锰钛偏析的同步分析

到目前为止,尚没有适用于大型金属材料试样元素偏析定量检测的有效方法。该研究将新兴的激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）技术应用于生铁中Si、Mn、Ti元素偏析的同步检测,选取Si（288.16 nm）、Mn（293.31 nm）和Ti（334.94 nm）作为三种元素的定量分析谱线,同时选取Fe（263.58 nm,441.51 nm,370.79 nm）分别作为三种元素的内标谱线,使用内标法降低基体效应的影响。定标拟合系数R2分别为0.991 7、0.990 3和0.991 2,因此证明LIBS适用于对生铁中Si、Mn、Ti元素的准确同步定量检测。随后将取自高炉的铁样切割为两个圆形的铁块,用空间分辨的LIBS装置对样品表面进行面扫描分析并得出元素分布图,基于元素分布图识别出Si、Mn、Ti元素的偏析区域并计算最大正偏析度和负偏析度。该研究证明了LIBS用于同步检测生铁中Si、Mn、Ti元素偏析的可行性,同时也揭示了生铁中合金元素的偏析规律,有利于加深对凝固过程元素迁移和分布的理解和认识。