On a periodic training sequence in DFE to reduce the steady-stateerror probability

A periodic transmission of a short resetting sequence used to “fill up” the decision-feedback equalizer feedback filter memory with correct symbols is proposed to reduce the propagation error. Two strategies are considered: full and partial reset, where the entire memory and some part of it is reset, respectively. For any given steady-state bit-error rate, the period of the resetting sequence is found by use of the Markov chain limit theorem. It is shown, via an illustrative example, that for low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the resetting strategy outperforms Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghen (BCH) code with the same code rate. Moreover, a joint resetting and error correction coding strategy is considered, which is better than BCH code for low and medium SNR     

Level clipped high-order OFDM

The asymptotic behavior of level clipped orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing when its order N approaches infinity is analyzed. It is shown that if the clipping level approaches infinity faster than √lnN, then a zero bit-error rate penalty and arbitrarily large peak to-average power ratio (PAPR) gain are asymptotically obtained. Moreover, the expression for the probability of clipping is found, and using it, the upper bound of the probability of error is derived. This upper bound can be used to analyze the tradeoff between PAPR and probability of error     

Definition of efficient PAPR in OFDM

A high PAPR is a main drawback of OFDM. There are many methods for reducing the PAPR with an ultimate goal of reducing the PAPR as much as possible. It is shown that if, among other factors, the power efficiency-PAPR relationship of the power amplifier is also taken into account, then there exists a PAPR level for which the BER reaches a minimal value. This PAPR may be used as a definition of an efficient PAPR. The efficient PAPR is not necessary the lowest possible value of PAPR.     

Fast frequency synthesis by PLL using a continuous phase divider

A method of constructing a frequency synthesizer with a short settling time is suggested. The frequency synthesizer is based on a double-loop phase-locked loop which has a short convergence time and on a continuous-phase divider that matches the VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator) frequency to the reference frequency     

Constrained notch filtering of nonuniformly spaced samples forenhancement of an arbitrary signal corrupted by a strong FM interference

The proposed method is based on exploring the concept of constrained notch filtering (CNF) as applied to any given arbitrary signal with time varying parameters. First, it is shown that any signal with a constant envelope such as FM may be transformed to a discrete sinusoidal one by applying a nonuniform sampling strategy. Second, a signal buried under a strong FM interference is retrieved by applying CNF in the transformed time domain. The main assumption made is that there exists an auxiliary input which provides information about the instantaneous frequency of the interference     

Peak-to-average power ratio in high-order OFDM

The problem of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of high-order orthogonal frequency-division modulation (OFDM) is considered. Using results on level crossing of random processes, an upper bound on the probability that the PAPR of an OFDM signal will exceed a given value is derived. Numerical computations are used to show that this bound is tight for low-pass OFDM systems. The central limit theorem is used to find an asymptotic expression for the bound when the number of carriers N grows to infinity. The central limit theorem is also used to find an asymptotic expression for another bound that is based on the envelope of the OFDM signal, and is tighter for bandpass systems. It is shown that, effectively, the PAPR grows as 2lnN and not linearly with N, and by developing a lower bound on the probability that the PAPR of an OFDM signal will exceed a given value, it is shown that asymptotically most OFDM symbols have a PAPR close to 2lnN. Some approaches to coping with the PAPR problem are discussed in light of the obtained results     

Optimal noise suppression in Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) configured for maximum imaging resolution

An optimal setup in the sense of imaging resolution for the Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) system is proposed and analyzed. Experimental results of the proposed setup in reflection mode suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to a granular noise. SNR improvement is achieved by two methods that rely on increasing the initial amount of phase-shifted recorded holograms. In the first method, we average over several independent complex-valued digital holograms obtained by recording different sets of three digital phase-shifted holograms. In the second method, the least-squares solution for solving a system of an overdetermined set of linear equations is approximated by utilizing the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse. These methods improve the resolution of the reconstructed image due to their ability to reveal fine and weak details of the observed object.     

Reduction of peak factor in orthogonal multicarrier modulation byamplitude limiting and coding

A main disadvantage of orthogonal multicarrier modulation is that it exhibits a high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR). Because of this, all circuits between the output of the modulator and the input of the demodulator must be linear within a large dynamic range to avoid distortions and spectral spreading. It is therefore desirable to limit the PAPR of the multicarrier signal. A method based on amplitude limiting and forward error correcting (AL-FEC) coding is proposed for reduction of the PAPR. The performance of the AL-FEC is compared to two methods, based on block coding, specially constructed to reduce the PAPR. The AL-FEC is superior as compared to the existing methods. Moreover, its practical realization is very simple for any number of carriers