Geosynthetic-sheet pile reinforced foundation for mitigation of earthquake and tsunami induced damage of breakwater

Earthquake and tsunami impose great threats on the stability of a breakwater. Foundation of the breakwater is weakened by these forces, and it may result in collapse of the breakwater. Lateral flow of seabed soils take place beneath the breakwater, and excess pore water pressure is generated in the foundation by an earthquake that precedes tsunami. These factors may lead to excessive settlement and horizontal displacement of the breakwater. Tsunami introduces additional instability to the deformed breakwater. Due to water level difference between seaside and harborside of the breakwater during a tsunami, seepage occurs through its foundation, and it may cause pipping of seabed soils. Tsunami induced scouring of mound is also a big problem for the stability of the breakwater foundation. Finally, these result in failure of the breakwater foundation. Due to failure of its foundation, the breakwater may collapse and cannot block the tsunami. It results in entering of the tsunami in coastal areas. In order to make a breakwater resilient against earthquake and tsunami induced damage, reinforcing countermeasures were developed for foundation of a breakwater. Geogrid, gabions and sheet piles were used for reinforcing a foundation model. The effectiveness of the model is evaluated through physical modeling for mitigating the earthquake and tsunami induced damage. Shaking table tests were performed to determine the effectiveness of the reinforced model under different earthquake loadings. Tsunami overflow test was conducted on the same deformed model in order to see the effects of tsunami on the model. Comparisons were made between the unreinforced and reinforced foundations, and it was observed during the tests that the reinforced foundation performed well in reducing the damage of the breakwater brought by the earthquake and tsunami. Overall, this study is useful for practice engineering, and the reinforced foundation model can be adopted for designing a breakwater foundation to reduce damage triggered by an earthquake and tsunami in the future.     

Separation of acetic acid from dilute aqueous solution by nanofiltration membrane

NF membranes have been prepared from α, β, γ‐cyclodextrin (CD) composite with polysulfone and characterized by pore size, thickness, pure water permeability, contact angle measurement and membrane morphology study. The permeation performances of the prepared membranes have been tested for separation of acetic acid from dilute aqueous solution. Effect of concentration, pressure, flow rate on flux and rejection have been calculated and interpreted. Different permeation models have been tested for experimental values and validated by comparing the values with the experimental data. It has observed that in β‐CD membranes 99% recovery of acetic acid from aqueous solution has been obtained and found to be the best membrane for separation of acetic acid from dilute solution. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40537.     

Recent development and challenges of multifunctional structural supercapacitors for automotive industries

In the last decades, fuel scarcity and increasing pollution level pave the way for an extensive interest in alternatives to petroleum‐based fuels such as biodiesel, solar cells, lithium ion batteries, and supercapacitors. Among them, structural supercapacitors have been considered as promising candidates for automotive industries in present time. Herein, the use of carbon fiber‐based supercapacitors in automotive applications is reviewed. Carbon fiber is an excellent candidate for vehicle body applications, and its composites could be widely used in the development of supercapacitors that could provide both structural and energy storage functions. Different surface modification processes of the carbon fiber electrode to enhance the electrochemical as well as mechanical performances are discussed. The advantages of the glass fiber separator and its comparison with other types of dielectric media have been incorporated. The synthesis procedures of the multifunctional solid polymer electrolyte and its significance have been also elaborated. The fabrication process, component selection, limitations, and future challenges of these supercapacitors are briefly assimilated in this review. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Iron(III)-mediated ATRP systems of n-docosyl acrylate with AIBN and BPO

Well-defined poly(n-docosyl acrylate) (PDA) with narrow molecular weight distribution has been synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reverse ATRP of n-docosyl acrylate (DA) at 80 °C in N,N-dimethylformamide using the carbon tetrabromide/FeCl₃/2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) initiation system in the presence of 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the source of reducing agent. The rates of polymerization for both the systems exhibit first-order kinetics with respect to the monomer, however, peroxide-initiated system shows slow rate of polymerization as compared to the azo-system. The effect of various reaction parameters on number average molecular weight (M _n ) and molecular weight distribution (M _w/M _n ) have been investigated. The resulting PDA that obtained in presence of AIBN and BPO systems has been compared for both the conventional and reverse ATRP. The reverse ATRP initiated by peroxides behaves differently than that of the azo initiators. In reverse ATRP with BPO, the rate of polymerization (R _p) has been significantly increased with the increase of BPO resulting higher M _n and broader M _w/M _n . The reverse ATRP of DA did not exhibit living characteristics with BPO system. PDA has been characterized by GPC, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy.     

An experimental study on the shattering behavior of a high strength armour steel under blast and long rod penetrator impact

Armour steel plates with drilled holes are filled with explosive and subjected to single or multiple blasts to induce shattering. The critical diameter for shattering under explosive detonation, found from the experiments matches closely with that of the long rod penetrator impacted plates. The damage pattern and fracture surface of the tested samples under blast effect have been compared with plates impacted with long rod penetrators for matching the observed shattering behavior. Difference in the shattering behavior of the armour steel subjected to single and multiple blasts has also been presented.     

Development of Apparels from Silk Waste and Pineapple Leaf Fiber

The degummed mulberry silk waste and eri silk waste were blended with degummed and bleached pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) at fiber stage in different proportions, and spun into yarn in a jute spinning system. The 90-tex blended yarn thus developed was analyzed for different physico-mechanical properties. Properties of fabric developed in a traditional handloom using 2/40-s cotton as warp and blended yarn as weft were also analyzed. The quality parameters, viz., tensile property, crease recovery, fabric cover, stiffness, drape, and thickness of the developed fabric, met essential apparel requirements. A comparative subjective evaluation of the fabric quality, viz., aesthetic appearance, luster, and texture, was made with the help of a group of people from different age, educational, and occupational background to examine its marketability; all respondents felt that appearance of PALF with silk waste was excellent. Texture and luster were found to be from medium to moderate. About 95% of respondents felt that fabric was crispy.