The influence of cap rock composition on hydrocarbon seep type in the Zagros oil fields,a study using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer mineral map

The persistent natural hydrocarbon seepage in onshore basins challenges observation and exploration technologies, which are required to document and assess these valuable indications of the presence of oil and gas in the subsurface. This paper aims at demonstrating the relationship between the compositional variation of an evaporite cap rock and the types of seeps occurring at the surface. For this purpose, the multispectral Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data was utilized for mapping mineral variations of a petroleum system in the Zagros oil fields. Relative absorption-band depth (RBD), band rationing and the boosted regression trees (BRT) were applied to enhance and classify the mineral composition of evaporite, sandstone, and marly limestone formations. The gas seeps were associated with the areas of gypsum-bearing evaporite cap rock while oil seeps were mostly associated with calcite and clay zones within the cap rock, which was more prone to fracturing during the tectonic activities of the basin. It is suggested that the application of remote sensing in the oil and gas industry could be widened by detection of sleep-induced alteration to assess the efficiency of cap rock and to evaluate the productivity of reservoirs at a regional scale.     

Generality and legibility in mobile manipulation

This article investigates methods for achieving more general manipulation capabilities for mobile manipulation platforms, which produce legible behavior in human living environments. To achieve generality and legibility, we combine two control mechanisms. First of all, experience- and observation-based learning of skills is applied to routine tasks, so that the repetitive and stereotypical character of everyday activity is exploited. Second, we use planning, reasoning, and search for novel tasks which have no stereotypical solution. We apply these ideas to the learning and use of action-related places, to the model-based visual recognition and localization of objects, and the learning and application of reaching strategies and motions from humans. We demonstrate the integration of these mechanisms into a single low-level control system for autonomous manipulation platforms.     

Detection of pre-defined boundaries between hydrothermal alteration zones using rotation-variant template matching

A new method for the detection of pre-defined boundaries in single-band image data that uses a rotation-variant template matching (RTM) algorithm is presented. This algorithm matches a miniature image of a pre-defined boundary to image data at various orientations. The image pixels that match boundary criteria are reported in output imagery together with the rotation angle of the template. The method is applied to identify boundaries between hydrothermal alteration zones in processed airborne hyperspectral imagery, based on the presence of white mica minerals. Results show that boundaries identified with RTM are relatively free of noise and more coherent than those identified with, for instance, image slicing techniques. Identified boundaries can be used for image segmentation. The output of the RTM algorithm also provides information on the type of boundary, whether it is crisp or gradual. This information can be used to better characterize mineral variation in the alteration halo associated with fossil hydrothermal systems.     

Grip to the Colon by Means of Macroscopic Adhesion-Controlled Friction

Manipulating friction without applying high normal forces is important for an intestine inspection and intervention device in order to eliminate the risk of tissue damage. One possible solution is to generate friction by means of adhesive forces. The adhesive forces should be high to offer sufficient grip without needing high normal forces. The generated friction is then called adhesion-controlled and depends on the size of the area in contact. Adhesion-controlled friction is well known to be dominant at microscopic and molecular levels. According to this paper, adhesion-controlled friction can be applicable on the macroscopic scale as well and, more specifically, within a range of forces in which friction is usually considered to be load-controlled. The intestine inspection and intervention device manipulates the friction with the colonic wall by means of mucoadhesive films. In this way, grip with high static friction is achieved without the need to apply high normal forces and friction is altered by changing the size of the area of the mucoadhesive film. Friction theories on different scales are revisited and considered in order to understand the dominant phenomena and the principles associated with this macroscopic adhesion-controlled friction.     

Developing a schematic petrogenetic transect for a contact aureole using field spectrometry; a case study in Los Santos,Salamanca Province,central-western Spain

Much work has been done in construction of petrogenetic grids for regional-scale metamorphic terrains, but low-pressure assemblages, such as contact aureoles, have been relatively ignored. This study has focused on developing a petrogenetic transect for a granitic aureole using a portable field spectrometer. Distribution of mineral assemblages, their modes, metamorphic zones, paragenetic sequences and isograds were mapped along a 4 km long transect. The transect starts at the fresh granite and cuts through the metamorphic contact aureole into the host rocks. Metamorphic reactions responsible for mineral changes were also defined. The method demonstrated potential in mineral mapping and the results could be used to support other methods like hyperspectral image analysis.     

Soot oxidation catalyzed by a Cu/K/Mo/Cl catalyst: evaluation of the chemistry and performance of the catalyst

Several non-supported oxidic compounds potentially present in a Cu/K/Mo/Cl catalyst (copper molybdates, potassium molybdates, and a mixed copper-potassium molybdate (K₂Cu₂(MoO₄)₃)) have been tested individually on their activity in the oxidation of a model soot (Printex-U, which non-catalytically oxidizes at 875 K). These oxidic compounds are active between 665 and 720 K, but only after establishment of ‘tight contact’ between the catalyst and soot in a ball mill. Without the ball mill procedure (‘loose contact’) these oxides are less active (the soot oxidation temperature is shifted to about 790 K), while a ZrO₂ supported Cu/K/Mo/Cl catalyst still shows a high activity around 670 K. Hence, the ‘loose contact’ activity of the supported Cu/K/Mo/Cl catalyst is not explained by the presence of an active oxidic compound. DRIFT and XRD analyses have shown that addition of KCl to CuMoO₄ (two compounds present within the Cu/K/Mo/Cl catalysts) followed by calcination at 950 K in air, eventually results in the formation of a mixed potassium-copper molybdate. Simultaneously several volatile copper, potassium and chlorine containing compounds (e.g. K₂CuCl₄) are formed. These copper and chlorine containing compounds possess a high ‘loose contact’ soot oxidation activity between 600 and 690 K. A catalytic cycle, involving Cu₂OCl₂, is proposed to explain the high ‘loose contact’ activity of copper chlorides and supported Cu/K/Mo/Cl catalysts. The activity of the latter catalyst will be maintained as long as Cu₂OCl₂ can be reformed by reaction of copper molybdates with KCl, which serves as a chlorine supplier.     

Identification of inorganic pigments used in porcelain cards based on fusing Raman and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data

Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy are often used as complementary techniques that are well suited for the analysis of art objects because both techniques are fast, sensitive, and noninvasive and measurements can take place in situ. In most of these studies, both techniques are used separately, in the sense that the spectra are evaluated independently and single conclusions are obtained, considering both results. This paper presents a data fusion procedure for Raman and XRF data for the characterization of pigments used in porcelain cards. For the classification of the analyzed points of the porcelain cards principal component analysis (PCA) was used. A first attempt was made to develop a new procedure for the identification of the pigments using a database containing the fused Raman-XRF data of 24 reference pigments. The results show that the classification based on the fused Raman-XRF data is significantly better than the classifications based on the Raman data or the XRF data separately.     

Sensitive and Reversible Detection of Methanol and Water Vapor by In Situ Electrochemically Grown CuBTC MOFs on Interdigitated Electrodes

The in situ electrochemical growth of Cu benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate (CuBTC) metal–organic frameworks, as an affinity layer, directly on custom‐fabricated Cu interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) is described, acting as a transducer. Crystalline 5–7 µm thick CuBTC layers are grown on IDEs consisting of 100 electrodes with a width and a gap of both 50 µm and a height of 6–8 µm. These capacitive sensors are exposed to methanol and water vapor at 30 °C. The affinities show to be completely reversible with higher affinity toward water compared to methanol. For exposure to 1000 ppm methanol, a fast response is observed with a capacitance change of 5.57 pF at equilibrium. The capacitance increases in time followed diffusion‐controlled kinetics (k = 2.9 mmol s^?0.5 g^?1_CuBTC). The observed capacitance change with methanol concentration follows a Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with a value for the equilibrium affinity K _e = 174.8 bar^?1. A volume fraction f _MeOH = 0.038 is occupied upon exposure to 1000 ppm of methanol. The thin CuBTC affinity layer on the Cu‐IDEs shows fast, reversible, and sensitive responses to methanol and water vapor, enabling quantitative detection in the range of 100–8000 ppm.