Notes on Ginsberg's multivalued logics

The use of multivalued logics for knowledge representation and nonmonotonic reasoning has often been advocated, in particular within the general framework proposed by Ginsberg in his paper "Multivalued logics: a uniform approach to reasoning in artificial intelligence." His system is based on a multivalued logic with an arbitrary number of truth values classified with respect to two partial orders, a truth order and a knowledge order. This classification is very interesting and gives an intuitive appeal to the framework. In this paper the work by Ginsberg is critically reviewed, pointing out some flaws and ways to overcome them. Moreover, we present some ideas on how to modify the original schema in order to obtain a more semantically well-founded framework.
L'utilisation de la Iogique multivalente pour la représentation des connaissances et le raisonnement non monotone a souvent été préconisée, en particulier à l'intérieur du cadre général proposé par Ginsberg dans son article intitulé〘 Multivalued logics: a uniform approach to reasoning in artificial intelligence 〙 Son système est basé sur une logique multivalente comportant un nombre arbitraire de valeurs de vérité classées selon deux ordres partiels: un ordre de vérité et un ordre de connaissances. Cette classification est très intéressante et donne un attrait intuitif au cadre. Dans cet article, l'auteur examine le travail de Ginsberg, y relève des lacunes et propose des moyens de les corriger. De plus, il expose certaines idées en vue de modifier le schéma original et ainsi obtenir un meilleur cadre du point de vue de la sémantique.     

Translational aspects of the modern genetics in head and neck cancers

Oral Cancer (OC) is one of the most recurrent cancers in the head and neck squamous cancer (SCCHN) category. Recently, the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have gained growing interest in the scientific community. GWAS have identified several pathways involved in the interactions among general risk factors and genomic variants affecting SCCHN. This systematic overview aims to critically evaluate the latest data reported within the scientific literature. The aim was to investigate the impact of genetic aspects on SCCHN onset and prognosis, involving other clinical and systemic co-factors. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cancer Genetics Web databases have been systematically investigated for original articles published in the last two years, reporting studies on the main queries addressed in this work. This review also comparatively describes the impact of environmental and pathological co-factors in different types of cancers, clarifying and updating the role of genetic factors in SCCHN onset and development. The main outcomes reported may be helpful to drive clinicians towards their clinical evaluations for the most appropriate therapeutic approach in SCCHN.     

BUILDING TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE ENGINEERING WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES

In this paper we address the problem of building tools for improving the software engineering process by taking advantage of artificial intelligence techniques. More specifically, we provide a representation of the evolution of a software project by means of temporal logics. Such a representation is the basis for the construction of tools for the control and management of a software project. A system for Access and Version Control (SCAV) provides a suitable test bed for our approach. In the paper we present the formalization of the history of a software project developed under SCAV, and we show how several kinds of functionalities can be easily realized. The formalization is built within the framework of the event calculus in such a way that every step of the project development determined by the execution of a SCAV operation is described as an event in the calculus. We present an implementation of the system in PROLOG, which allows for a direct and natural formulation of the event calculus rules.     

ANTENNAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES OF GRAPEVINE MOTH <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lobesia botrana</Emphasis> FEMALES TO VOLATILES FROM GRAPEVINE

Grapevine moth Lobesia botrana is the economically most important insect of grapevine Vitis vinifera in Europe. Flower buds, flowers, and green berries of Chardonnay grapevine are known to attract L. botrana for oviposition. The volatile compounds collected from these phenological stages were studied by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry, and the antennal response of L. botrana females to these headspace collections was recorded by gas chromatography—electroantennography. The compounds found in all phenological stages, which consistently elicited a strong antennal response, were pentadecane, nonanal, and -farnesene. In a wind tunnel, gravid L. botrana females flew upwind to green grapes, as well as to headspace collections from these berries released by a piezoelectric sprayer release device. However, no females landed at the source of headspace volatiles, possibly due to inappropriate concentrations or biased ratios of compounds in the headspace extracts.     

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR): A critical overview on the most promising applications of molecular scissors in oral medicine

The scientific community is continuously working to translate the novel biomedical techniques into effective medical treatments. CRISPR-Cas 9 system (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-9), commonly known as the “molecular scissor”, represents a recently developed biotechnology able to improve the quality and the efficacy of traditional treatments, related to several human diseases, such as chronic diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies and, interestingly, oral diseases. Of course, dental medicine has notably increased the use of biotechnologies to ensure modern and conservative approaches: in this landscape, the use of CRISPR-Cas-9 system may speed and personalize the traditional therapies, ensuring a good predictability of clinical results. The aim of this critical overview is to provide evidence on CRISPR efficacy, taking into specific account its applications in oral medicine.     

Evaluation of the ability of Yarrowia lipolytica to impart strain-dependent characteristics to cheese when used as a ripening adjunct

Four Yarrowia lipolytica strains were tested as cheese-ripening adjuncts with milk culture in cheese production to evaluate their effects on the microbiological and biochemical features of the cheeses. The Y. lipolytica strains were able to overcome the other naturally occurring yeasts and were compatible with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) profiles and analysis of free fatty acids (FFAs) released during ripening showed that the strains induced a marked lipolysis and gave rise to different FFAs accumulation over time with respect to the control. Strain-dependent protein breakdown patterns were identified and these biochemical differences resulted in different cheese organoleptic characteristics.     

废旧磷酸铁锂正极粉磷酸浸出过程的优化及宏观动力学

随着新能源汽车产业快速发展，磷酸铁锂动力电池退役量爆发式增长，回收需求迫切，但面临回收利用经济性较差的难题。正极材料价值较高，本文提出采用磷酸浸出废旧正极材料以制备电池用磷酸铁，但铝等杂质的分离是关键。本文以含铝的磷酸铁锂正极粉为原料，开展了磷酸浸出过程优化及宏观动力学研究，重点研究了酸料比、浸出温度、液固比、搅拌速度等参数对磷酸铁锂及铝浸出效果的影响规律，并考察了磷酸铁锂在磷酸溶液中浸出的宏观动力学。研究结果表明，在酸料比1.1mL/g、温度20℃、液固比（5∶1)mL/g、搅拌速度400r/min、浸出时间120min条件下，磷酸铁锂浸出率大于93%，铝浸出率小于20%；磷酸铁锂正极粉磷酸浸出过程符合无固态产物层的收缩核模型，表观活化能为24.62kJ/mol，浸出过程受扩散控制。