Terrain-Specific: Contemporary Landscape Architecture in Canada

The Canadian landscape has typically captured a global imaginary of a pristine wild, but how might its urban designed landscapes be distinctly understood? Foregrounded by the landscape transformations accelerated by climate change, the book Innate Terrain: Canadian Landscape Architecture, edited by Professor Alissa North from the University of Toronto, highlights landscape architecture projects situated on the unique Canadian terrain. Providing further provocation on Canadian landscape architecture, Innate Terrain seeks to fill the literary gap on contemporary landscape perspectives, distinguishing Canadian landscape architecture from global practice, and particularly, its well-documented American counterpart. Landscape architecture in the Canadian context has evolved and established its own distinct identity, one imbued with national and local sensitivities. Informed by diverse environmental and cultural contexts, Canadian-designed landscapes reflect and refer to the prevailing ecosystems of Canada’s innate terrain. Contrary to the preceding International Style, landscape architecture projects in Canada have adopted the ethos of Critical Regionalism in the second half of the 20th century. Contemporary Canadian practitioners are designing landscapes that are deeply informed by their surrounding geographical context while emphasizing cultural specificity. Central to this cultural specificity, addressed by a new generation of landscape architects, is the increasing recognition of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge within the discipline. Canadian landscape architects have collaborated with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis communities, including the keepers of this knowledge, to develop land management strategies and design landscape interventions.     

A terrain risk assessment method for military surveillance applications for mobile assets

This study proposes an analytical and flexible terrain risk assessment method for military surveillance applications for mobile assets. Considering the risk as the degree of possibility of insurgent presence, the assessment method offers an efficient evaluation of risk in the surrounding terrain for military combat operating posts or observation posts. The method is designed for unmanned aerial vehicles as the surveillance assets of choice to improve the effectiveness of their use. Starting with the area map and geographical data, the target terrain is first digitized for space representation. Then the data of nine geographical parameters are used to formulate five contributing risk factors. These factors are incorporated in an analytical framework to generate a composite map with risk scores that reveal the potential high-risk spots in the terrain. The proposed method is also applied to a real-life case study of COP Kahler in Afghanistan, which was a target for insurgent attacks in 2008. The results confirm that when evaluated with the developed method, the region that the insurgents used to approach COP Kahler has high concentration of high-risk cells.     

巡航导弹机动地形相关系统

研究了一种适用于巡航导弹辅助导航的机动地形相关系统(MTCS)。介绍了 MTCS的工作原理、相关定位算法以及提高定位概率的技术途径,指出了系统设计中的关键技术。另外还讨论了 MTCS 的计算机运算,研究结论对地形辅助系统的设计有参考价值。     

三维地图引擎中地形跟踪算法的实现

作为三维地图引擎中的重要一部分,地形跟踪算法起到了模拟各种不同地形与运动设备的作用。好的地形跟踪算法不仅可以实现水面、沙地、森林等在各种地形上行进的感受,还能模拟出船舶、车辆等各种不同载体的运动感受。在一款三维导航产品中,做好地形跟踪算法,对于用户体验的改善是相当大的。     

A data porting tool for coupling models with different discretization needs

The presented work is part of a larger research program dealing with developing tools for coupling biogeochemical models in contaminated landscapes. The specific objective of this article is to provide researchers with a data porting tool to build hexagonal raster using information from a rectangular raster data (e.g. GIS format). This tool involves a computational algorithm and an open source software (written in C). The method of extending the reticulated functions defined on 2D networks is an essential key of this algorithm and can also be used for other purposes than data porting. The algorithm allows one to build the hexagonal raster with a cell size independent from the geometry of the rectangular raster. The extended function is a bi-cubic spline which can exactly reconstruct polynomials up to degree three in each variable. We validate the method by analyzing errors in some theoretical case studies followed by other studies with real terrain elevation data. We also introduce and briefly present an iterative water routing method and use it for validation on a case with concrete terrain data.     

基于混合PSO的高斯混合模型地形分类

提出了一种基于改进的混合粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法的高斯混合模型地形分类方法。高斯混合模型的求解通常是使用期望最大化算法(expectation maximization,EM),然而EM算法易陷入局部最优,收敛速度不稳定且对初值敏感。因此引入混合PSO算法,并对其进行了一系列改进。实验结果表明:改进后的算法较其它优化算法提高了全局搜索能力和收敛速度,利用该算法求解高斯混合模型可以提高参数估计的精度,并且在户外场景图像的地形分类实验中所提出的地形分类方法也表现优良。     

基于Creator的战场地形仿真研究

如何解决地形模型精细度、逼真度与仿真速度之间的矛盾是军事仿真的难点问题。本文研究了三维地形生成的关键技术,并详细阐述了利用MultiGen Creator建模工具,采用DEM数据和卫星遥感影像数据构建和优化大面积战场地形的原理和方法,最后结合实例生成战场地形。仿真结果表明,该方法生成的模型达到了精细度高、真实感强、实时性好等仿真要求。     

采煤塌陷区地形渲染研究

随着煤炭的大量开采,塌陷区逐渐增多,严重地破坏了矿区生态结构,影响了矿区及周边地区人们的生活。因此良好的塌陷区漫游系统成为了治理这些危害的关键。三维地形是可视化系统及虚拟仿真的基本组成部分,也是此次项目至关重要的一部分。针对当前三维地形及其渲染技术的研究现状,该文结合常用图形接口OPENGL,在VC＋＋6.0平台下,运用GIS技术和采煤塌陷区地形数据,对LOD技术和ROAM算法进行研究,更好地实现塌陷区漫游效果。     

基于光线投射的全GPU实现的地形渲染算法

地形渲染算法需要处理大量的地形及纹理数据,影响三维动画显示的流畅性和性能提高。随着GPU绘制能力提高,CPU与GPU的负载失衡逐渐成为制约性能提高的瓶颈。结合现代GPU体系结构,在GPU上实现了基于光线投射（Ray Casting）的地形渲染算法。算法简化了Ray Casting算法,把LOD策略和预裁剪统一到GPU中实现,保证了CPU和GPU之间的负载平衡,同时简化了应用程序的编制。为获得较好效果,还采用查找表（Lookup—Table）的实时纹理合成算法合成纹理,进一步降低了CPU处理纹理数据的开销。实验表明,本文算法不仅充分利用了GPU的处理能力,还降低了CPU负载,提高了动态三维重建的帧刷新率,并获得较逼真的渲染效果。     

基于高斯混合模型的非结构复杂环境地形分类

针对因天气变化而产生的色彩转移、光照变化以及相似地形(如土地和沙地)的反射频谱模糊性等因素造成的地形分类性能下降的问题,提出了一种基于高斯混合模型(GMM)的地形分类算法.首先,提取不同光照条件下地形的特征,这种特征是基于改进的离散余弦变换(DCT)纹理特征和在Y1Q空间提取的颜色特征的融合特征,然后用这些特征数据训练GMM,对于GMM组成模型数目则采用贝叶斯信息准则(BIC)加以确定.另外针对不同地形区域边界上分类性能差以及同一地形在相同条件下非一致性问题,还提出了一种分类策略.该策略的原理是利用当前特征窗口周围邻域的所属类别概率的平均值大小来决定当前特征窗口的类别.应用提出的算法在两个数据库上进行了实验,取得了令人满意的效果.