Carbonaceous microsphere-based superabsorbent polymer as filler for coating of NPK fertilizer: Fabrication,properties, swelling,and nitrogen release characteristics

Recently, the use of controlled release fertilizers in agriculture has resulted in huge benefits in plant growth and cultivation. Superabsorbent polymer (SAP)-coated fertilizers have the added advantage in retaining water in soil after irrigation and also reduce the nutrient release rate from soil in a controlled manner. This study aimed to produce a nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) fertilizer coated with superabsorbent carbonaceous microspheres polymer (SPC) by inverse suspension polymerization method with water-retention and controlled release properties. Two sets of experiments were conducted: (1) three different weight percentages and (2) different materials. NPK coated with SPC showed increasing water-retention ability with respect to carbon microsphere percentages and retains >80% water at the 30th day of experiment compared with pure NPK and NPK coated with SAP. The slow release behavior of all samples was investigated by induced coupled plasma mass spectrometry spectrometry and results showed that NPK coated with SAP and SPC has a low release rate with <50% nutrient release compared with uncoated NPK at the 30th day. The release mechanism kinetics of NPK coated with SAP and SPC were studied based on the Kosmeyer–Peppas model. The mechanisms approached Fickian diffusion-controlled release as the n value for both samples was less than 0.5. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48396.     

减压渣油与FCC油浆共炭化的化学组成变化

考察了齐鲁石化胜利炼油厂催化油浆（FCC）和胜利减压渣油（VR）在490℃，0.8MPa下不同混合比的原料和不同反应时间的中间产物的HS、TS、PS、P及其1h中间产物的HS和TS的^1H-NMR。数据结果反映了体系的反应速度。掺入FCC油浆抑制了VR的反应活性，降低了体系的反应速度，增加了基质的溶解度；1h中间产物的组成结构更接近于原料及反应体系的反应性和基质的溶解度；1h中间产物的芳香度越高，取代基越少，侧链越短，基质对VR中的活性反应组分在炭化早期生成的高度缩合物质的溶解度越大。     

Influence of the oxygen content of low-rank coals on the development of porosity during carbonization

The development of porosity in the course of carbonization of a flame coal, original and pre-oxidized, was studied by means of the adsorption of benzene and carbon dioxide. The results were compared with corresponding data for cokes from a xylitic brown coal. The influence of coal oxygen content on the formation of coke porosity and its thermal dependence is discussed.     

滴注式直-压淬双排渗碳线的设计及应用

详细阐述了滴注式直-压淬两用双排气体渗碳自动线的组成单元，渗碳气氛、工艺柔性化、设计特点以及工艺调试；生产实践证明：自动线运行可靠．稳定，主要技术性能和指标达到或优于国家标准。     

提高页岩干馏装置采油率的建议

分析了影响采油效率的三大因素，提出了改进建议。采用新的回收工艺对系统内含油瓦斯进行回收，以提高采油效益。     

Depollution of atmospheric emissions of wood pyrolysis furnaces

The wood carbonization in Tunisia consists essentially of traditional activity using charcoaling stacks and pits characterized by high atmospheric pollution and poor energy conversion. Indeed, 70% of the initial mass of anhydrous wood are found in the vapor as aerosols, polluting and toxic gases and complex condensable organic compounds that can cause a substantial pollution of air, ground and water. Several processes of treatment and energy valorization of such effluents were proposed, but the incineration remains at present the most promising technique of depollution. The results show that the incineration, at about 1000°C, of wood carbonization smokes allows the destruction of 99% of the mass of pollutants except CO₂ and the reduction of polluting gas emission. The possible valorization of the smoke’s energy in the exit of the incinerator enhances the thermal efficiency of the process.     

碳化法制备球霰石碳酸钙微球及形成机理

以CaCl₂-NH₃-CO₂为反应体系,采用分散鼓泡碳化法制备出单分散纯球霰石型碳酸钙微球。用扫描电镜（SEM、FE-SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）等手段对样品进行了表征。考察了反应初始pH、反应终止pH、反应初始温度、二氧化碳气体流速等因素对产物颗粒形貌和粒径的影响,并探讨了球霰石微球的形成机理。实验结果表明,与直接鼓泡碳化法相比,分散鼓泡碳化法形成的二氧化碳气泡数量多、大小均匀,能增大溶液中二氧化碳的过饱和度,有利于制备高纯度的单分散球霰石微球;反应初始温度低、二氧化碳气体流速大,均有利于球霰石的生成。最佳反应条件：反应初始pH为10.0,反应终止pH为7.0,二氧化碳气体流速为1 L/min。     

非冷冻碳化法工业化生产针状纳米碳酸钙

通过开发复合型结晶导向剂,在实验室试验和中试的基础上,实现了在非冷冻(高温35~75℃)、氢氧化钙高浓度(质量分数7%~12%)条件下碳化生产针状(晶须)纳米碳酸钙。将该方法应用在石家庄博达钙业有限公司2.5万T/A的轻质碳酸钙工业装置上,经扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射和比表面积测定分析表明,产品纳米碳酸钙的晶形为针状,粒度均匀、分布窄,粒径10~20 NM,长径比15~20,比表面积≥90 M2/G,总孔容≥0.26 ML/G。     

Carbonization of coals to produce anisotropic cokes. 1. Modifying activities of some additives in the co-carbonization of low-rank coals

Using low-rank coals, the modifying activities of some petroleum, coal tar and aromatic hydrocarbon additives have been examined to find procedures for their utilization in the preparation of blast furnace coke. Petroleum pitch, especially after hydrogenation, exhibited excellent modifying activity even with non-fusible coals. In contrast, the activity of coal tar was very limited with such coals. The napththenic component, revealed by n.m.r. of the additives, appears to be important in the co-carbonization by inducing fusibility and anisotropic development in such coals. Co-carbonization to recover the dehydrogenated additives was attempted. However, there was no development of the anisotropy in the resultant coke by dissolution of the coal particles although the coal particles were firmly fixed in the matrix. Acid-refluxing treatment of non-fusible coals was found to enhance their modification susceptibility, indicating that some of the acid-soluble mineral matter is important in the thermal depolymerization or fusion process of the coal.     

Carbonization reactions of inertinite macerals in Australian coals

Widespread disagreement about the degree of reactivity of the inertinite group of macerais is related to variations in experimental conditions of assessment and failure to appreciate technological modifications imposed on similar macerals by dissimilar source materials and depositional conditions. This has resulted in the constant under-estimation of the coking potential of post-Carboniferous inertinite-rich coals by predictive methods developed for vitrinite-rich Carboniferous coals. Coking tests up to 1000 °C have been carried out on 20 coals of different rank in such a manner that coked portions of the samples could be correlated with their uncoked equivalents. It has been found that an inverse relationship exists between the level of precarbonization reflectance (PCR) of inertinite and the reflectance and bireflectance of its coke. The increase in the latter parameter is non-linear and involves a sudden jump which is taken as the boundary between reactive (high bireflectance) and non-reactive (low bireflectance) inertinite. In relation to coal rank a reactivity field for inertinite has been delineated which can be subdivided into two areas of high and moderate reactivity, respectively. On the whole, the proportion of reactive inertinite is larger than allowed for in most petrography-based coke stability calculations.