深水海底泥浆举升钻井技术及其应用前景

为了解决深水钻井中遇到的问题，由Conoco公司领导的工业联合项目组研发了海底泥浆举升钻井（以下简称SMD）技术。采用该技术进行深水钻井时，隔水管内充满海水，泥浆用小直径管线从海底返回，在返回环空中形成两个压力梯度，实现双梯度控压钻井。文中着重介绍了SMD的理论依据、系统工作原理、系统关键设备以及SMD井控程序的HAZOP分析等。从技术适用性、经济性、装备以及可能存在的风险等方面对该技术在南中国海钻井中使用的可行性进行研究，并展望其应用前景。     

A fuzzy reasoning and fuzzy-analytical hierarchy process based approach to the process of railway risk information: A railway risk management system

Risk management is becoming increasingly important for railway companies in order to safeguard their passengers and employees while improving safety and reducing maintenance costs. However, in many circumstances, the application of probabilistic risk analysis tools may not give satisfactory results because the risk data are incomplete or there is a high level of uncertainty involved in the risk data. This article presents the development of a risk management system for railway risk analysis using fuzzy reasoning approach and fuzzy analytical hierarchy decision making process. In the system, fuzzy reasoning approach (FRA) is employed to estimate the risk level of each hazardous event in terms of failure frequency, consequence severity and consequence probability. This allows imprecision or approximate information in the risk analysis process. Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (fuzzy-AHP) technique is then incorporated into the risk model to use its advantage in determining the relative importance of the risk contributions so that the risk assessment can be progressed from hazardous event level to hazard group level and finally to railway system level. This risk assessment system can evaluate both qualitative and quantitative risk data and information associated with a railway system effectively and efficiently, which will provide railway risk analysts, managers and engineers with a method and tool to improve their safety management of railway systems and set safety standards. A case study on risk assessment of shunting at Hammersmith depot is used to illustrate the application of the proposed risk assessment system.     

HAZOP分析方法在褐煤煤仓中的应用

为明确褐煤煤仓存在的主要危险因素,并实现提前预防控制,分析了HAZOP分析方法中常用工艺参数出现的偏差及原因。在阐述褐煤气化反应基本流程和褐煤煤仓基本流程的基础上,结合HAZOP安全分析方法对褐煤煤仓温度、料位、压力、O2组成和出口流量5个工艺参数进行分析,提出参数偏差导致的后果,并对各项偏差采取了安全保护措施。结果表明:在控制温度方面普遍采用在煤仓排风过滤器出口设置温度报警装置,并将煤仓与高温环境隔离,适时通入N2以维持惰性环境,通过煤仓排风将褐煤中过多挥发分排出,可有效降低爆炸风险。对于煤仓出口堵塞导致压力升高、料位上升的问题,可在煤仓出口设置振动设备,通入N2流化碎煤,并在煤仓保温伴热系统中设置温度低报警装置。     

An integrated qualitative and quantitative modeling framework for computer‐assisted HAZOP studies

The article proposes a novel practical framework for computer‐assisted hazard and operability (HAZOP) that integrates qualitative reasoning about system function with quantitative dynamic simulation in order to facilitate detailed specific HAZOP analysis. The practical framework is demonstrated and validated on a case study concerning a three‐phase separation process. The multilevel flow modeling (MFM) methodology is used to represent the plant goals and functions. First, means‐end analysis is used to identify and formulate the intention of the process design in terms of components, functions, objectives, and goals on different abstraction levels. Based on this abstraction, qualitative functional models are constructed for the process. Next MFM‐specified causal rules are extended with systems specific features to enable proper reasoning. Finally, systematic HAZOP analysis is performed to identify safety critical operations, its causes and consequences. The outcome is a qualitative hazard analysis of selected process deviations from normal operations and their consequences as input to a traditional HAZOP table. The list of unacceptable high risk deviations identified by the qualitative HAZOP analysis is used as input for rigorous analysis and evaluation by the quantitative analysis part of the framework. To this end, dynamic first‐principles modeling is used to simulate the system behavior and thereby complement the results of the qualitative analysis part. The practical framework for computer‐assisted HAZOP studies introduced in this article allows the HAZOP team to devote more attention to high consequence hazards. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 4150–4173, 2014     

基于HAZOP的条烟装封箱机控制系统的研究与改进

装封箱机系统作为卷烟包装生产的最后一道工序,其工作性能是否可靠直接影响整条香烟包装生产线的效率;通过对现有的装封箱机系统工作原理和控制系统进行介绍,采用HAZOP理论对现有的装封箱机进行可靠性分析,并找出薄弱环节进行产品改造,提高整条包装生产线的生产效率。     

安全仪表系统在聚氨酯装置中的应用

聚氨酯生产工艺复杂,一般采用多装置联合生产方式,在事故发生时,往往一个装置的安全事故,危及整个生产流程,引起装置大面积停车事故,造成巨大经济损失。另外,易燃易爆、毒气溢出造成环境污染及人员伤亡等高危险性也是聚氨酯生产的特点,所以设立一个既考虑安全性又兼顾可靠性的安全仪表系统是构建聚氨酯装置自动化控制系统的重要环节。通过对安全仪表系统构建过程中安全评估及安全完整性分级的讨论,探讨了聚氨酯联合装置安全仪表系统配置及应用过程。     

HOZOP在400万t/a煤炭间接液化中的应用研究

神华宁煤400万t/a煤炭间接液化项目上游10万空分装置初步设计HAZOP分析的目的是,针对杭州杭氧股份有限公司的设计,通过人工HAZOP分析(危险与可操作性分析)的方式,识别初设中存在的不足及风险隐患,帮助设计承包方及时改进和优化设计,以提升整个工艺系统的安全性,为设计承包方的详细设计及后期业主方的生产运营,提供坚实的保障。     

危险及可操作分析在CNG加气母站的应用

利用危险及可操作性分析(HAZOP)技术对压缩天然气(CNG)加气母站工艺计量调压、缓冲、脱水干燥、压缩机压缩、储气、加气流程及仪表风系统进行系统的危险分析和探讨,并提出消除风险建议措施。在青岛即墨CNG加气母站应用实例表明,HAZOP技术可有效地辨识CNG加气母站的风险,可作为CNG加气母站控制风险管理的有效工具之一。     

也谈HAZOP在石油化工设计中的应用

介绍了石油化工装置设计中进行HAZOP工作的3个重要阶段。详细论述了各种引导词和可能出现偏差的原因。讨论了落实HAZOP报告中建议措施的五种类型,并就建议措施落实结果报告进行举例说明。