Thermo-economic investigation on the hydrogen production through the stored solar energy in a salinity gradient solar pond: A comparative study by employing APC and ORC with zeotropic mixture

In this paper, a salinity gradient solar pond (SGSP) is used to harness the solar energy for hydrogen production through two cycles. The first cycle includes an absorption power cycle (APC), a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, and a thermoelectric generator (TEG) unit; in the second one, an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with the zeotropic mixture is used instead of APC. The cycles are analyzed through the thermoeconomic vantage point to discover the effect of key decision variables on the cycles’ performance. Finally, NSGA-II is used to optimize both cycles. The results indicate that employing ORC with zeotropic mixture leads to a better performance in comparison to utilizing APC. For the base mode, unit cost product (UCP), exergy, and energy efficiency when APC is employed are 59.9 $/GJ, 23.73%, and 3.84%, respectively. These amounts are 47.27 $/GJ, 29.48%, and 5.86% if ORC with the zeotropic mixture is utilized. The APC and ORC generators have the highest exergy destruction rate which is equal to 6.18 and 10.91 kW. In both cycles, the highest investment cost is related to the turbine and is 0.8275 $/h and 0.976 $/h for the first and second cycles, respectively. In the optimum state the energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, UCP, and H₂ production rate of the system enhances 42.44%, 27.54%,15.95%, and 38.24% when ORC with the zeotropic mixture is used. The maximum H₂ production is 0.47 kg/h, and is obtained when the mass fraction of R142b, LCZ temperature, pumps pressure ratio, generator bubble point temperature are 0.603, 364.35 K, 2.12, 337.67 K, respectively.     

Extraction of Singular Points from Dense Motion Fields: An Analytic Approach

In this paper we propose a new method to extract the vortices, sources, and sinks from the dense motion field preliminary estimated between two images of a fluid video. This problem is essential in meteorology for instance to identify and track depressions or convective clouds in satellite images. The knowledge of such points allows in addition a compact representation of the flow which is very useful in both experimental and theoretical fluid mechanics. The method we propose here is based on an analytic representation of the flow. This approach has the advantage of being robust, simple, fast and requires few parameters.     

水泥窑低温有机朗肯循环联合发电技术

以某一新型二代水泥技术的7 000 t/d熟料生产线为例,单纯的采用汽水朗肯循环,存在热量回收不彻底,部分低品位余热资源无法有效回收等问题。采用汽水朗肯循环及有机朗肯循环联合发电系统的方案,结果表明：联合朗肯循环系统发电功率提高了614 kW,吨熟料发电量增加了2.1 kWh/kg,提高了8%;净发电功率提高了511 kW,净发电量实际提高了7.1%,提高了水泥余热回收的效率。     

板式换热器及其热力系统的运行特性和高级分析

针对不同换热设备组合之间以及换热设备在系统中的分布情况进行了研究,建立了高级分析模型,将换热设备与系统的损进一步分割成不可避免性部分和可避免性部分,计算相应的损失和效率,确定换热设备与系统中能量损失的主要部位,并在有机朗肯循环（organic Rankine cycle,ORC）系统试验台中进行验证,为换热设备及其热力系统的运行优化提供科学依据。结果表明,不同的换热面积对换热设备的能效有着非常大的影响,同时常规分析和高级分析提出了不同的系统优化次序。高级分析表明,蒸发器可避免损占蒸发器损的41.2%～60.0%,冷凝器可避免损占冷凝器总损最高可达91%～97%,整个ORC系统有52.5%～66.3%的损可以避免,有很大的改造潜力,且发现不合理设计的管道也会影响ORC系统性能。     

以R142b为工质的有机朗肯循环低温发电系统研究

研究了以R142b为循环介质、采用螺杆式膨胀机的低温热能有机朗肯循环发电系统.在热源温度低于80℃的条件下,膨胀机最大能量转化效率为6％,系统总效率5.16％.在系统膨胀效率达97％的情况下,传输能耗导致机械效率仅有48％-65％,因此系统总效率较低,但最大(火用)效率为32％.提高蒸发压力、降低冷凝压力是提升能量转化效率的根本途径.实验研究表明,降低膨胀机入口蒸汽干度对膨胀效率略有促进,主要由于少量液体参与膨胀减少了膨胀环节的渗漏,提高了膨胀效率.实验表明该低温热能发电系统可行,但系统效率较低,有待进一步优化提高.     

Power System of Diesel Recovery With a Engine Waste Heat ORC System

针对柴油机排气余热的特点设计了有机朗肯循环（organic Rankine cycle,ORC）系统．在该系统中,采用R245fa（1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷）作为循环工质,针对其不同蒸发温度以及冷凝温度,通过模拟计算研究了最终排气温度、系统净输出功率和朗肯循环实际效率的变化规律．研究结果表明,当蒸发温度低于367．46K时应采用一级膨胀系统;当蒸发温度高于367．46K低于404．6K时应采用二级膨胀系统;冷凝温度恒定时,最终排气温度随蒸发温度的升高而降低,系统净输出功率和朗肯循环实际效率随蒸发温度的升高而升高;蒸发温度恒定时,最终排气温度随冷凝温度的降低而降低,系统净输出功率和朗肯循环实际效率随冷凝温度的降低而升高．     

柴油机尾气余热回收系统的能分析和火用分析

采用R245fa作为循环工质,利用有机朗肯循环回收柴油机尾气余热,从而提高柴油机的燃油经济性。对不同蒸发压力下的朗肯循环热效率和发动机不同工况下余热回收系统的火用效率以及系统各组件的火用损失率进行了计算和分析。研究结果表明,蒸发压力越高则朗肯循环效率越高,工质和尾气之间传热的不可逆损失和蒸发器出口较高的尾气温度使得蒸发器的火用损失率最大,采用余热回收系统回收发动机尾气余热,系统输出净功最高可达18.7 kW。     

中低温地热发电有机朗肯循环工质的选择

为了筛选出适合于中低温地热发电有机朗肯循环的较优有机工质,采用热动循环的分析方法及PR状态方程计算以10种干流体有机工质为循环工质的中低温地热发电有机朗肯循环的效率及其余主要热力性能.结果表明,总体来看,随着循环工质临界温度的升高,蒸发压力、凝结压力、输出功率及效率呈下降趋势,而循环热效率及地热流经换热后的排放（或回灌）温度呈上升趋势.以R227ea（七氟丙烷）作工质的有机朗肯循环系统输出功率及效率最高,蒸发压力及凝结压力均处于较合适的范围,R227ea是中低温地热发电有机朗肯循环较理想的工质.     

A trapezoidal cycle with theoretical model based on organic Rankine cycle

Based on organic Rankine cycle (ORC), a trapezoidal cycle with theoretical model is proposed and built according to the trapezoidal configuration and the thermodynamic relation in T–s diagram. Simulations show that the relative deviation between trapezoidal cycle and ORC is lower than 5% within evaporation temperature of 5 °C lower than the critical temperature of the working fluids. Empirical equations to calculate the optimal evaporation temperature, the maximum net power output and the corresponding thermal efficiency are built, which relative deviations from ORC are lower than 4%. Trapezoidal cycle can break through the restrictions of the actual working fluids and the configuration of the ORC to extend the study of the ORC and investigate the general principle of the ORC (or the trapezoidal cycle). Trapezoidal cycle can develop to trilateral cycle or Carnot cycle, which are the boundary cycles of the trapezoidal cycle. Trapezoidal cycle can be used as a general cycle to investigate the relations and principles among the trilateral cycle, Carnot cycle and trapezoidal cycle (or ORC). The performance of these three cycles at maximum power and their relations are investigated in the same conditions of finite heat source. Results show that the maximum power and the corresponding thermal efficiency of the trapezoidal cycle are bounded between Carnot cycle and trilateral cycle. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.