The Effect of Lactates on the Quality of Microwave-Cooked Chicken Patties during Storage

ABSTRACT:  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding 3.3% sodium lactate (SL), 0.25% calcium lactate (CL), and 1.65% SL along with 0.125% CL (SL+CL) on the physicochemical properties, cooking characteristics, and microbiological quality of microwave-cooked chicken patties compared to control (no added lactates). The addition of lactates did not affect the proximate composition of cooked chicken patties. The pH of CL- or SL+CL-containing patties was significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced compared to control or SL patties. The SL-containing patties had lower ( P < 0.05) a _w values compared to control or CL patties. The CL- or SL+CL-containing patties had lower denatured myoglobin and higher ( P < 0.05) cooking yield, surface redness (CIE a *), and chroma values. However, addition of CL alone resulted in higher total expressible fluid, indicating lower water-holding capacity. The CL-containing patties exhibited lower Warner–Bratzler shear force values and higher ( P < 0.05) penetrometer reading compared to the SL-containing patties, indicating soft texture. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced in all lactate-containing patties compared to control up to the 7th day of refrigerated storage under aerobic conditions. No difference ( P > 0.05) was observed in aerobic plate counts between control and lactate-added patties during 28-d storage.     

Prevention of Lipid Oxidation in Precooked Turkey Meat Patties with Hot Packaging and Antioxidant Combinations

The effects of antioxidants or hot packaging and their combination on lipid oxidation were quite variable depending on the additives in turkey meat. The TBARS values of cooked patties were greatly affected by the degree of oxidation in the raw meat, and the effectiveness of antioxidants varied with added prooxidants. Ascorbate and free radical terminators had stronger antioxidant effects than iron chelators, and chelating iron alone could not eliminate lipid oxidation in either raw or cooked meat with added NaCl. The combination of hot packaging and antioxidants provided cooked patties with better protection from lipid oxidation than either treatment alone.     

Effects of onion on physicochemical properties,lipid oxidation and microbial growth of fresh pork patties

Onions with or without heating (100 °C, 30 min) were extracted with water or methanol, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of onion extracts were evaluated. Product characteristics of fresh pork patties containing various onion extracts were measured during refrigerated storage. Water extracts of onions showed higher extraction yield and iron chelating ability than methanol extracts (P < 0.05), whereas, the latter was more effective than the former in phenolic compounds and reducing power (P < 0.05). The addition of onion extracts [water extract from fresh onion (WEFO), methanol extract from heated onion (MEHO) and their combinations (WEFMEHO)] to pork patties decreased redness, increased yellowness, and inhibited lipid peroxidation (P < 0.05). One per cent of WEFMEHO in pork patties had antioxidant activities as effective as butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT, 0.01%). Redness and yellowness decreased and increased with the addition of onion extract, respectively (P < 0.05).     

压力温度处理对肉制品中微生物的影响

旨在研究压力（300MPa，15rain）、温度（5，20，35，50℃）共同处理灭活肉制品中微生物（细菌总数、乳酸细菌、葡萄球菌、假单胞菌和肠杆菌）的效果。实验表明：压力温度处理可以明显降低猪肉中微生物数量；革兰氏阴性细菌对压力更敏感；当加压温度为50℃时，灭活微生物的效果更好；微生物对高压处理的敏感性与压力处理时的温度，微生物的类群和肉的种类有关。     

葡萄籽提取物和茶多酚抑制高氧气调包装牛肉饼的提前褐变现象

肉类熟制过程中的提前褐变现象(Premature Browning,PMB)容易导致食品安全问题,高氧气调包装是导致该现象的一个主要因素。为抑制高氧气调包装牛肉饼的PMB现象,该研究向牛肉饼中添加葡萄籽提取物和茶多酚两种天然抗氧化物,通过测定其p H值、生鲜肉色和熟制肉色、脂肪氧化值、菌落总数和感官品质等指标,研究其对牛肉饼PMB现象的抑制作用。研究表明,添加0.1 g/kg的葡萄籽提取物或0.1 g/kg茶多酚可以显著降低肉饼贮藏过程中的脂质氧化,提高生肉饼的肉色稳定性。在贮藏第6 d时,添加葡萄籽提取物和茶多酚能将肉饼脂质氧化值由对照组的8.98mgMDA/kg分别降低至5.62mgMDA/kg和5.79mgMDA/kg(p<0.05),并使肉饼在中心温度66℃时的中心a*值显著高于其72℃的中心a^*值(p<0.05),对高氧气调包装条件下肉饼的PMB有显著的抑制效果。同时,两种天然抗氧化物对肉饼的感官品质无负面作用。因此,生产中可以通过添加0.1 g/kg葡萄籽提取物或0.1 g/kg茶多酚来抑制高氧气调包装肉饼的PMB,提高食品安全性。     

凝胶油替代脂肪制备牛肉饼的配方优化

为优化获得一种凝胶油替代脂肪制备牛肉饼的配方,本试验以不同浓度的蜂蜡(2.5%,5%,7.5%,10%,12.5%)制备菜籽基凝胶油替代脂肪生产牛肉饼。采用模糊数学评判法,通过单因素试验分析凝胶油浓度、复合磷酸盐添加量、卡拉胶胶添加量以及水分添加量四个因素对牛肉饼感官评价的影响,并采用正交实验和模糊数学评价法,对牛肉饼的最佳配方进行优化。结果表明,凝胶油浓度为10%,复合磷酸盐添加量为0.3%,卡拉胶添加量为0.3%,水分添加量为20%,在此条件下凝胶油替代脂肪制备的牛肉饼综合评定分值高达87.60,其组织致密、滋味浓郁、弹性较好。借助模糊数学法和正交试验构建的综合评价体系,优化获得的凝胶油替代脂肪的牛肉饼的最佳配方,可为新型的肉制品加工工艺提供理论依据。     

Nutritional quality of model low‐fat pork patties manufactured with the use of soy protein isolate

Proximate composition and amino acid and fatty acid profiles of low‐fat pork patties manufactured with the addition of soy protein isolate (SPI) were determined and their energy values were calculated. Patties with SPI were characterised by a higher content of protein than the control. Although the 10% SPI added sample showed the highest energy value of all samples, it contained the lowest amount of fat and therefore the share of energy from the fat of this sample was lower than those of the other samples. The essential amino acid indices of SPI added patties were lower than those of the control, but they were still favourable compared to the FAO/WHO/UNU reference pattern of protein. The fatty acid composition of fat was positively influenced by the addition of SPI, as an increase in C18:2, C18:3, total PUFA and PUFA/SFA ratio along with an increased amount of SPI added to patties was observed.     

Solubilized Cellulose and Dehydrated Potato Extract in Cooked, Low-fat Comminuted Beef

ABSTRACT The optimal level of use of NP-5, a dehydrated potato extract, and solubilized cellulose (SC), a highly functional form of cellulose in a comminuted beef product was determined so that water holding capacity (WHC), cooking yield and resistance to rancidity would be maximized. NP-5 was a very effective antioxidant and water binding ingredient at 1.5%. Addition of SC resulted in a more moist product and improved the cooking yield compared to the control. Addition of NP-5 and SC resulted in extended overall storage stability.     

The storage stability and textural, physico-chemical and sensory quality of low-fat ground pork patties with Carrageenan as fat replacer

Low‐fat ground pork patties (<10% total fat) made with carrageenan added at either 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75% final concentration were processed and the compositional and sensory characteristics compared with control patties which contained 20% fat. The moisture content of raw and cooked low‐fat patties was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than control patties because of greater amounts of water added during formulation. Cooking yield, fat and moisture retention also improved significantly (P < 0.05) in low‐fat patties that had carrageenan incorporated when compared to a control product. The dimensions of the low‐fat patties were maintained better than those of the control product during cooking. The sensory attributes of low‐fat patties with 0.5% carrageenan were similar to those of the high‐fat control. The lipid profile revealed as much as a 47.7 or 44.1% decrease in total lipids and cholesterol content respectively, compared with the controls. The calorie content was reduced by 31.1% in low‐fat cooked patties compared with the controls. The texture profile of low‐fat patties that had been made with 0.5% carrageenan were similar to control patties with only a slight increase in hardness and gumminess in the low‐fat product. The low‐fat ground pork patties made in the present study remained stable without any appreciable loss of physico‐chemical, microbiological and organoleptic quality during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) for 21 and 35 days in aerobic and vacuum packaging respectively.     

Antioxidant activity of pomegranate rind powder extract in cooked chicken patties

The radical scavenging activity, reducing power and phenolic composition of pomegranate rind powder extract (RP) were determined and antioxidant properties of RP was evaluated in cooked chicken patties compared with vitamin C (VC) during refrigerated storage. Freshly minced chicken meat were assigned to one of the following six treatments: control (meat without any antioxidant); RP 5, RP 10, RP 15 and RP 20 (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg equivalent RP phenolics 100 g^?1 meat, respectively) and VC 50 (50 mg VC 100 g^?1 meat). The RP exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher reducing power and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. Incorporation of RP into chicken patties significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the HunterLab L* values compared with control and VC patties. Total phenolic content (as tannic acid equivalent) significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 308 in control to 441 μg g^?1 in RP 20 patties. Addition of RP to chicken patties did not affect any of the sensory attributes. The values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 1.530 in control patties to 0.135 mg malonaldehyde kg^?1 samples in RP patties. Pomegranate rind powder extract treatment (RP 10, RP 15 and RP 20) substantially inhibited (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation in cooked chicken patties to a much greater extent than VC treatment. Therefore, pomegranate rind powder can be utilized as an excellent natural antioxidant source.