Allelopathic effects of giant foxtail on germination and radicle elongation of loblolly pine seed

Water extracts of giant foxtail grass inhibited germination and radicle elongation of loblolly pine seed in a laboratory test. Most of the toxic effects came from extracts of dried foxtail tops, with lesser amounts from fresh tops and roots. Soil texture affected the phytotoxicity of the extracts. Eight chemical compounds known to be phytotoxins inSetaria were identified in extracts of foxtail leaves but could not be found in soil samples under the leaves.     

4,4′-二溴甲基二苯醚的合成

报道了以对氯甲苯和对甲苯酚为主要原料 ,经过常压下的Williamm反应和与NSB的自由基溴化反应 ,合成4,4′-二溴甲基二苯醚的方法 ,经元素分析和1 HNMR对产物结构进行了确认。实验考察了催化剂、反应温度和反应时间等对收率的影响。两步反应产物总收率达 64 %。     

Allelopathic potential of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (sudex)

Experiments were conducted under controlled conditions to investigate the apparent allelopathic effects of sudex [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ×Sorghum Sudanese (P.) Stapf, cv. FFR 201] on weed and vegetable species. Allelopathic potential, as measured by radicle elongation of herbaceous indicator species, decreased with increasing sudex age. Greatest potential allelopathic activity of sudex shoot tissue was observed when sudex was collected at 7 days of age. Small-seeded broadleaf species were more inhibited in the presence of sudex shoot tissue than were grass species. Two major phytoinhibitors were isolated from aqueous extracts of sudex shoot material by partitioning with diethyl ether, followed by thin-layer and liquid column chromatography. Phytoinhibitors were identified asp-hydroxybenzoic acid andp-hydroxybenzaldehyde, potentially the enzymatic breakdown products of the cyanogenic glycoside dhurrin. The I₅₀ values of these compounds using a cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seed bioassay were 140 and 113 g/ml for the acid and aldehyde, respectively. Sudex tissue collected at 7 days of age possessed a greater percentage of these phytoinhibitors on a per gram basis than did older sudex tissue. As sudex tissue age increased, the percentage ofp-hydroxybenzaldehyde in ether extracts of tissue also increased, while the percentage ofp-hydroxybenzoic acid decreased.Journal article No. 88-10-163 of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Effects of ferulic acid and some of its microbial metabolic products on radicle growth of cucumber

An initial survey of the effects of aqueous solutions of ferulic acid and three of its microbial metabolic products at pH 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 was determined on radicle growth of 11 crop species in Petri dishes. These bioassays indicated that cucumber, ladino clover, lettuce, mung bean, and wheat were inhibited by ferulic, caffeic, protocatechuic, and/or vanillic acids and that the magnitude of inhibition varied with concentration (0–2 mM), phenolic acid, and pH of the initial solution. The pH values of the initial solutions changed considerably when added to the Petri dishes containing filter paper and seeds. The final pH values after 48 hr were 6.6, 6.8, and 7.1, respectively, for the initial 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 pH solutions. The amounts of the phenolic acids in the Petri dishes declined rapidly over the 48 hr of the bioassay, and the rate of phenolic acid decline was species specific. Cucumber was subsequently chosen as the bioassay species for further study. MES buffer was used to stabilize the pH of the phenolic acid solutions which ranged between 5.5 and 5.8 for all subsequent studies. Inhibition of radicle growth declined in a curvilinear manner over the 0–2 mM concentration range. At 0.125 and 0.25 mM concentrations of ferulic acid, radicle growth of cucumber was inhibited 7 and 14%, respectively. A variety of microbial metabolic products of ferulic acid was identified in the Petri dishes and tested for toxicity. Only vanillic acid was as inhibitory as ferulic acid. The remaining phenolic acids were less inhibitory to noninhibitory. When mixtures of phenolic acids were tested, individual components were antagonistic to each other in the inhibition of cucumber radicle growth. Depending on the initial total concentration of the mixture, effects ranged from 5 to 35% lower than the sum of the inhibition of each phenolic acid tested separately. Implications of these findings to germination bioassays are discussed.Paper No. 9000 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina. Mention of trade or company names does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable.     

纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵麸皮的抗氧化功能研究

采用体外实验法比较了纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵麸皮的发酵液与未发酵麸皮水提液的抗氧化活性及其对H2O2所致红细胞氧化溶血的抑制作用.结果显示纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵麸皮能产生更强的抗氧化活性.麸皮发酵液比麸皮水提液表现出更强的还原能力,·OH和O2-·IC50的分别为8.2 mg/mL和24.0 mg/mL,分别比麸皮水提液高2.3倍和6.7倍;抑制猪油氧化实验表明麸皮发酵物的抑制活性更强,于VE相近.在对H2O2诱导红细胞氧化溶血的作用中麸皮发酵液比麸皮水提液的抑制效果更佳.     

Isolation,characterization and activity of phytotoxic compounds from quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.)Beauv.]

Previous experiments showed that legumes grown in the presence of living or herbicidally treated quackgrass residues or extracts exhibited reduced seedling root and shoot growth and decreased nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Aqueous extracts of quackgrass shoots were most inhibitory to plant growth. Upon sequential partitioning of an aqueous extract of quackgrass shoots, the ether extract possessed the most activity and caused 50% reductions in radicle elongation of eight crop and weed species at concentrations of less than 240 g/ml (small-seeded species) and 1000 g/ml (large-seeded species). Snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Bush Blue Lake) grown aseptically in agar containing an ether extract at 100 and 200 g/ml exhibited severe root browning, lack of root hair formation, and a two- to three-fold reduction in root and shoot dry weights. The ether extract of quackgrass shoots had no inhibitory effect on the growth of fourRhizobium species in Petri dishes or two species in broth culture. Inhibitors present in the ether extract may influence the legumeRhizobium symbiosis indirectly by reducing legume root growth and root hair formation. The ether extract of quackgrass shoots was separated using high-pressure liquid, thin-layer, and liquid column chromatography in an attempt to isolate and identify the inhibitors responsible for the inhibition of seedling growth. Two closely related flavonoid inhibitors were isolated from the ether extract. One was identified as 5,7,4-trihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyflavone (tricin). Both flavonoids caused 50% inhibition of radicle elongation in cress (Lepidium sativum L. Burpee curly) seeds at concentrations of less than 125 g/ml. Both flavonoids were found in ether extracts of quackgrass shoots and rhizomes, but the largest amounts of both compounds occurred in quackgrass shoots collected from the field.Journal article No. 11887 of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Experiments on bioassay sensitivity in the study of allelopathy

The purpose of these experiments was to study the effects of various experimental procedures and conditions on bioassay sensitivity in allelopathic studies. The following factors were considered: bioassay methods, choice of test species, the effect of osmotic potential on germination and growth of the test species, growth in dark or in light and the effect of concentrating the extracts in vacuo. Extracts from rape and rye were used in the studies to act as allelopathic agents. Ryegrass appeared as the most sensitive test species when grown horizontally on quartz sand, while radish was the most sensitive test species when grown on filter paper in transparent boxes at a 45° angle. Root length was the most sensitive growth variable measured. Percent germination appeared a more sensitive measure than the speed of germination index, S, when germinated seeds were counted after one and two days for radish and ryegrass, respectively. A rise in the osmotic potential affected germination more than root length, and radish appeared more sensitive to a rise in osmotic potential than ryegrass. A confounding of germination and root length inhibition may therefore, give misleading results.     

Bioassay of naturally occurring allelochemicals for phytotoxicity

The bioassay has been one of the most widely used tests to demonstrate allelopathic activity. Often, claims that a particular plant species inhibits the growth of another are based entirely on the seed germination response to solvent extracts of the suspected allelopathic plant; few of these tests are of value in demonstrating allelopathy under natural conditions. The veracity of the bioassay for evaluating naturally occurring compounds for phytotoxicity depends upon the physiological and biochemical response capacity of the bioassay organism and the mechanism(s) of action of the allelochemicals. The possibility that more than one allelochemical, acting in concert at very low concentrations, may be responsible for an observed allelopathic effect makes it imperative that bioassays be extremely sensitive to chemical growth perturbation agents. Among the many measures of phytotoxicity of allelochemicals, the inhibition (or stimulation) of seed germination, radicle elongation, and/or seedling growth have been the parameters of choice for most investigations. Few of these assays have been selected with the view towards the possible mechanism of the allelopathic effect.     

锆铝复合层柱黏土固体超强酸的制备及催化性能

研究了用金属离子掺杂及硫酸根改性提高层柱黏土酸性的方法.由取代法制得锆铝复合交联剂,经离子交换制得锆铝复合交联黏土,再经SO42-改性制得锆铝复合层柱黏土固体超强酸催化剂.利用X射线衍射、红外光谱、氨吸附程序升温脱附、比表面积及孔径分布分析等对催化剂结构进行了表征.实验确定了锆铝复合交联黏土SO42-改性最佳工艺条件.以乙酸正丁酯合成反应为探针对催化剂的活性进行了测试.结果表明:锆铝复合交联剂被成功引入蒙脱石的层间.经SO42-改性后的锆铝复合层柱黏土,其固体酸性得到了强化,是一种比表面积较大且孔径分布较为均匀的固体超强酸催化材料.在硫酸铵溶液浓度为200 g/L,焙烧温度为400～500 ℃的SO42-改性的条件下,乙酸的转化率达93.4%,反应中无副产物产生,催化剂具有良好的重复使用性能.